Linnaean Nomenclature Unique binomial identifier for every species on earth Stability issues • Unrecognized species may be described again • Can change to reflect changes in classification

Linnaean Nomenclature Unique binomial identifier for every species on earth Stability issues • Unrecognized species may be described again • Can change to reflect changes in classification Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837

Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837: 29 Gasteracantha horrens Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha parvula Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha blackwalli Keyserling, 1864: 65 Gasteracantha helva Blackwall, 1864: 42 Gasteracantha hepatica L. Koch, 1871: 8 Gasteracantha propinqua Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 288 Actinacantha pictispina Simon, 1885: 37 Actinacantha propinqua Simon, 1886: 147 Plectana hasselti Thorell, 1887: 224 Plectana blackwallii Thorell, 1890: 68 Gasteracantha hasselti Pocock, 1900: 233 Gasteracantha hasseltii Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 33 Gasteracantha hasselti Yin et al., 2012: 581

Linnaean Nomenclature Unique binomial identifier for every species on earth Stability issues • Unrecognized species may be described again • Can change to reflect changes in classification Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837

Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837: 29 Gasteracantha horrens Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha parvula Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha blackwalli Keyserling, 1864: 65 Gasteracantha helva Blackwall, 1864: 42 Gasteracantha hepatica L. Koch, 1871: 8 Gasteracantha propinqua Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 288 Actinacantha pictispina Simon, 1885: 37 Actinacantha propinqua Simon, 1886: 147 Plectana hasselti Thorell, 1887: 224 Plectana blackwallii Thorell, 1890: 68 Gasteracantha hasselti Pocock, 1900: 233 Gasteracantha hasseltii Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 33 Gasteracantha hasselti Yin et al., 2012: 581

Linnaean Nomenclature Unique binomial identifier for every species on earth Stability issues • Unrecognized species may be described again • Can change to reflect changes in classification Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837

Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837: 29 Gasteracantha horrens Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha parvula Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha blackwalli Keyserling, 1864: 65 Gasteracantha helva Blackwall, 1864: 42 Gasteracantha hepatica L. Koch, 1871: 8 Gasteracantha propinqua Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 288 Actinacantha pictispina Simon, 1885: 37 Actinacantha propinqua Simon, 1886: 147 Plectana hasselti Thorell, 1887: 224 Plectana blackwallii Thorell, 1890: 68 Gasteracantha hasselti Pocock, 1900: 233 Gasteracantha hasseltii Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 33 Gasteracantha hasselti Yin et al., 2012: 581

Linnaean Nomenclature Unique binomial identifier for every species on earth Stability issues • Unrecognized species may be described again • Can change to reflect changes in classification Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837

Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Koch, 1837: 29 Gasteracantha horrens Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha parvula Thorell, 1859: 303 Gasteracantha blackwalli Keyserling, 1864: 65 Gasteracantha helva Blackwall, 1864: 42 Gasteracantha hepatica L. Koch, 1871: 8 Gasteracantha propinqua Pickard-Cambridge, 1879: 288 Actinacantha pictispina Simon, 1885: 37 Actinacantha propinqua Simon, 1886: 147 Plectana hasselti Thorell, 1887: 224 Plectana blackwallii Thorell, 1890: 68 Gasteracantha hasselti Pocock, 1900: 233 Gasteracantha hasseltii Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 33 Gasteracantha hasselti Yin et al., 2012: 581

Digital Identifiers Stability possible Suitable to be read by computers Can point to variety of objects, e.g., • Taxonomic name • Specimen • Publication • Treatment Gasteracantha hasselti C.L. Kosh, 1837

World Spider Catalog LSID urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:016027

Catalogue of Life LSID urn:lsid:catalogueoflife.org:taxon:fc6d0828-f99d-11e4-8596-020044200006:col20150518

GenBank Taxonomy ID 1401002

digitalSpiders Species code SP.RMNH.ARA.ARA0001

SP.RMNH.ARA.ANA0001

Species code

SP.RMNH.ARA.ANA0001

Species code

SP.RMNH.ARA.ANA0001

Species code

Sinanapis longituba Lin & Li 2012

Species name

Vietnam

China

Laos

Thailand

Cat Ba

Cuc Phuong

Vu Quang

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Positivized latitude

Pro

porti

on Id

entif

ied

Logistic regression p=0.02, R2=0.72

Vietnam

China

Laos Thailand

Cat Ba Cuc Phuong

Doi Inthanon

Myanmar

Vu Quang

0.21

0.14 0.17

0.01

0.03

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Species codes Species codes Species codes Species codes Species codes

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Physical

Specimens

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources Hanoi, Vietnam (IEBR) Pham Dinh Sac (IEBR) Khuat Dang Long (IEBR) Naturalis Barcoding Facility (NBF) Kevin K. Beentjes (NBF) Camiel Doorenweerd (NBF) Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC) Jan van Tol (NBC) Manon de Waard (NBC Stage) Rense Schelfhorst (NBC Stage) Kees van Achterberg (NBC) Eulalia Gasso Miracle (NBC) Vu Quang National Park Nguyen Thanh Son (Vu Quang) Dao Huy Phien (Vu Quang) Cuc Phuong National Park Lung Van Hien (Cuc Phuong) Cat Ba National Park California Academy of Sciences (CAS) David Kavanaugh (CAS) Morphbank Deb Paul New Year Designs Grace Woo John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Pensoft Publishing Lyubomir Penev University of Cincinnati Joshua H. Miller

Acknowledgments