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National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
CURRENT TRENDS IN BIOTHERAPY
M.Muruganandam, Dept. of Zoology, Syed Ammal arts and Science College, Ramanathapuram-623513.
Abstracts
In Biotherapy, there are various methods used to induce humoral and cell mediated
immunity. The various substances such as immunostimulants, vaccines, probiotics,
micronutrients used in Biotherapy. Many natural products have the efficiency to boost up
the functions of our immune system. The Biotherapy is otherwise called immunotherapy. The
Biotherapy is mainly designated to repair, stimulate and enhance the functions of immune
system. It is mainly boost up the functions of macrophage, NK cells and T cells. It is also use
as supplementary and alternative to other therapies. The Bio-Immunostimulants also provide
immunity against parasitic infections. The repeated applications help to maintain higher
levels of immune status against infections and stresses. The importance of Biotherapy was
discussed here.
Key words Probiotics, vaccines, Immunostimulants
Introduction
In Biotherapy there are various methods used to induce humoral and cell mediated
immunity. Already immunostimulants, vaccines, micro nutrients, probiotics are used to boost
up the functions of immune system. Many Natural products have the efficiency to induce our
immune system. The other name of Biotherapy is immunotherapy. The Biotherapy is
designed to repair, stimulate and enhance the functions of Immune system. It is mainly
induce T-cells, Natural killer cells and macrophages. It is also induce humoral mediated
immunity. It is also use as supplementary and alternative to other therapies.
Probiotics
The probiotics are the beneficial microorganism present in digestive track. It is suggested
that these are constitute no-pathogenic members of indigenous intestinal micro flora. These
are act against various pathogens. These candidates are able to colonize the gut and act as
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
antagonistic against pathogens. These harmless anti-microbial substance producing strains
may reduce the use of antibiotics. These probiotics bacteria act on complex carbohydrates
and split into simple sugars for absorption. It is also synthesizing vitamin such as B complex
group, Vitamin k, etc. in the intestinal tract some probiotic increase appetite and health. The
probiotics bacteria administrated orally stimulated the immune system in non-specific way.
Researchers used as Lactobacillus sp. as an adjuvant to an oral vaccine. It enhances the
intestinal immunity and alters the intestinal metabolic activity.
Yeast Probiotics
The addition of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fish diet activates phagocytic activity and
phagocytic index1,2 The baker’s yeast is a source of nucleic acid and B 3 glucons have which
have been recognized to the effectively enhance immune functions of African catfish 3
Atlantic Solomon4 rainbow trout5,6. Sakai etal7 reported that the nucleotides from B. brewer’s
Yeast RNA were capable of enhancing the phagocytic and oxidative activities of kidney
phagocytic cells, serum lysozyme in common carp.
Nucleotides
Nucleotides can enhance cell mediate immunity lymphocyte proliferation interlukin-2
production and improve to resistance against bacterial infection. However the pathogenic
bacteria nucleotides are also act as immunostimulants. Generically the nucleotides are
building blocks of DNA and RNA. The main commercial nucleotides are derived from
brewer’s Yeast and Yeast extracts single cell protein and Animal protein soluble etc. is also
source of nucleic acids.
Immunostimulants
Immunostimulants are chemical substance which elevates specific or
non-specific immune responses. The immune stimulants increase resistant to infections
disease caused by wide range of pathogens by enhancing the non-specific defences
mechanisms. The screening of new immunostimulants is emerging research area in
Immunostimulants should be applied before the out breaks of disease in other to improve the
health performance. It helps to reduce the risk of disease and not use as a therapeutant for
cure. If use at an advanced stage of disease development an immunostimulants may be
recolonized by the organism as an apparent infection in addition to an on existing one and it
may produce aggressiveness of the disease symptoms at least for a short period. The
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
immunostimulants plays an important role in inducing maximum immunity the high doses
may not be effective.
Biological Substances
Apart from nucleotides and probiotics many other Biological substances act as good
immunostimulants. The important biological substances are Bacterial derivatives some
Animal and plant extracts such as lipopolysaccharides, lip peptides, chitin, glucans etc. Some
hormones like prolactin are also act as good immunostimulants.
Vaccines
The vaccine is the biological preparations. It is used to store information regarding
pathogens in immunomemory cells. The3 vaccine mainly boost up the functions of our
immune system some components of pathogen used in vaccine It produce long term
immunity. For immunization now various pain free methods are used. The DNA vaccines
are advanced type. It provides long term immunity. The DNA vaccine has a promising
hopein future
Micronutrients
Many vitamins such as vitamin A, E, and C are used as immunostimulants.
more dosed of vitamin A inhibit the development of turnours in higher animals8 Halver9also
reported that vitamin A promoted growth of the new cells and aids in maintain resistance to
infection High levels of dietary vitamins C have been associated with improved immunity to
bacterial viral and parasitic challenges10,11,12 and also produce higher antibody production
against bacterial infection 13. In Biotherapy many substance are used to develop stronger
immune system and also help to prevent infections.
Reference and Bibliography
1. Orturno.J.,cuest.ARodrigaue,Z..A.,Estaban,M.Aand Mesegure.J (2002). Oral administration of yeast enhance cellular innate immune response of gilthead Sea Bream (Sparusaurata.L) Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology 85;41-50.
2. Abdel-Tawabmohsen,Azzam,Abdelrahman and nahla.E.MIsmeal (2008) Evaluation of commercial bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeas a growth and immunity promoter for fry Nile Tilapia Orechromisniloticus (L) challenged insitu with Aeromonas hydrophila Aquaculture .vol;5.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
3. Yoshida.T,Kruger.R and Inglis.V (1995).Augmentation of Non-Specific protection in African Catfish,Clarias gariepinus (Burch ell),by the long term oral administration of immunostimulants.J.Fish.Dis.18,195-198.
4. Engstad,R.E,Robertsen,B and Frivold.E (1992).Yeast Gluian induces increases activity of Lysozyme and Complement mediated hemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish and [email protected].
5. Jorgensen,J.b,Sharp,G.J.E. Secomber.C.J and Robertsen,B(1993).Effect of yeast cell wallglucans on the bactericidal activity of rainbow Trout Macrophages. Fish Shell fish Immunolo.3,267-277.
6. Siwiki,A.K,,Anderson,D.P and Rumsey.G.L (1994) Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against frunculosis.Vet. Immunol.Immunopathology.14, 125-139.
7. Sakai,M,Taniguchi,K,Manoto.k,Ogawa.A andTabata.M (2001).Immunostimulants effects on nucleotide isolated from yeast RNA on carpio.L.J.fish Dis.24,433-438.
8. Bollag.W (1971) Experinitial pp:27-90.
9. Halver.J.E (1980) The Vitamins-Fish Feed Technology-FAO, Rome PP65-103.
10. Wagbo.R(1994) The impacts of Nutritional factors on immune system in Atlantic Salmon.Salmosalar.L.review Aquaculture and Fish .Maz.25,175-197.
11. SatyabudhyA.M.A,Grant.B.T and Halver.J.E (1989) Effects of L ascorbic- phosphates (ASPP) on growth and immune resistance to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to infectious hematopoietic necrosis.(1HN) virus, proceeding from third International Symposium on feeding and nutrition in fish.pp411-426Tabo Jabon.
12. Navarve.O and Halver.J.E. (1989).Disease resistance and humoral antibody protection in rainbow trout. Fed high level of vitamin C. Aquaculture.79,207-221.
13. Muruganandam.M (2013) Engineered Plasmid DNA vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus.Book.pp 101
14. Misra.c.k,,S.C.Mukherjee,b.k.Das,,A.K.Pal and pani Prasad,(2006) Immunostimulant in Carp Culture.Fish.Chim.Vol.26 No.3 pp20-22.
Antifungal activity screening in Marine Shrimp
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Muruganadam.M, G.Naga nanthini and G. Saranya, Dept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513.
Abstract
Marine resources have a lot of unexposed are a drug discovery. The marine prawn has
nutritive valve and also tasty food .It is mainly exported in European countries due to its high
economic valve. In this study, marine prawn penaeus was collected from the landing site of
Mandapam coastal area, then it was completely cleaned and washed with distil water in
laboratory the exoskeleton and flesh were separated and extracts were prepared by using
various organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, n butyl alcohol, chloroform and distilled
water .These extract (10%) mixed in fresh yeast culture medium and yeast were inoculated ,
after 48 hours of incubation. Yeast biomass production was calculated. Ethanol extract from
flesh and exoskeleton produce higher biomass production of yeast .So it is concluded that
ethanol extract is best compared to other solvent extracts.
Key words Shrimp, Marine resources, Yeast.
Introduction
Antimicrobial peptide screening is a current important research area in drug discovery. There
are very limited reports in Antimicrobial peptides in marine animal origin. In fishes Egorov 1reported that there is a mixture of antimicrobial protein present in fish tissue
Muruganandam.M 2 also reported antibacterial peptides present in the internal organs of fish.
There is very lesser reports present in antimicrobial peptides in shell fishes that is why this
attempt was made in prawn. The prawns help to earn a huge amount of foreign exchange.
They are in great demand in international markets. They contain very little far but rich in
protein vitamin A and Vitamin D They contain considerable quantities of glycogen and free
amino acids in their muscles. In this study marine prawn’s tissue and exoskeleton extracts
were prepared and studied the antifungal activity was observed.
Materials and Methods
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Marine prawn penaeus indicus collected from the landing site in Mandapam coastal area
Ramanathapuram district. The prawn was cleaned and exoskeleton was removed. The
muscle tissue and exoskeleton extracts were prepared by using various organic solvents such
as Benzene, n-Butyl alcohol. Ethanol Acetone, chloroform and water The extracts (0.5) were
individually taken and mixed with 4ml of 3% peptone water After that 0.5ml of yeast culture
was always maintained This mixture was mixed and incubi ted at 37*c After 48 hours
biomass production yeast were calculated In this study yeast was used as bio indicator for
Antifungal property.
Result and discussion
The Antimicrobial peptides in animal origin was reported at very lesser level one anti-
microbial substance identified from fish called ecomolin It mainly consists of mixture of
proteins Muruganandam 2was also reported antibacterial peptides in the internal organs of
fish. These are present in higher amount in brain and muscle tissues of fish. In this way the
present work was done, the acetone and n-Butyl alcohol extracts of prawn muscle and
exoskeleton produce antifungal activity. In this work, the lowest biomass production was
observed in Acetone treatment in both muscle tissue and exoskeleton extracts. The second
lowest biomass production observed in n-Butyl alcohol treatment .So it is concluded that the
Acetone extract of marine prawn of marine has antifungal compounds, It will useful for
prepare antifungal drugs in future.
Reference
1. Egorov.N.S (1935) Antibiotics a scientific approach book pub. Mir publishes Moscow Russia.2. Muruganandam.M (2017) Antibacterial peptides observed in various internal organs of fish present in proceeding of seminar of on microbes and mankind held on 30th Aug pp 61-61.
Table.1 Marine prawn extraction effect on Yeast Biomass production.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Solvent (extracts)Yeast Biomass production in prawn muscle(mg)Treatment
Yeast Biomass production in prawn Exoskeleton(mg)
Water 450 1250Acetone 400 550Chloroform 500 1650n-butyl alcohol 450 650Ethanol 900 1100
VARIOUS CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES INFLUENCE ON YEAST
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
BIOMASS PRODUCTION
Muruganandam.M, K.Kaveri and K.RamyaDept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513
Abstracts
Carbohydrate is an essential component for yeast culture. Here various conventional
carbohydrate sources such as Millet, Thenai, Bengal gram, Maize, Rice, Wheat and Green
gram were tested. In this work, yeast were cultured in peptone water, The 24 hours of yeast
culture with various carbohydrate flour aqueous extract were individually mixed and
incubated at 37*C for 48 hours. At the end of the experiment yeast biomass production were
calculated in all the treatment. The higher biomass production of yeast was observed in
Maize and Millet flour. It is concluded that these carbohydrate sources are suitable for yeast
biomass production.
Key words: yeast, carbohydrates, Biomass production
Introduction
Carbohydrates are the precursor for the synthesis of all organic compounds
found in plants and animals. Plants use carbohydrates of the precursor for the synthesis of
protein, lipids and other organic compounds. Carbohydrate in an important energy producer.
In the yeast industry the Economics of carbohydrate plays a major role. If use low cost
materials with high yields make the industry very profit the yeast is capable of fermenting
sugar to producer co2 and ethanol 1. In the ethanol industry, it needs low cost medium for
production of high yields. The yeast biomass production depends on many
abioticfactors.Sometime specific abiotic stress also influence positive growth rate of yeast 2.
In this study various conventional carbohydrate influences on yeast biomass production was
studied.
Materials and Methods
In this study Different conventional carbohydrate sources such as millet, Thenai, Bengal
gram, maize, rice, wheat and green gram were used First each powder was taken 1gm with
10ml water and mix well then take 1ml of extract add 8ml 3% sterilized peptone water with
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
one ml of 24 hours cultured yeast broth . They were mixed well put in incubator at 37*c.
After 48 hours yeast biomass production was calculated in all the treatment for each flour
triplicate treatments were maintained.
Result and Discussion
Lous Pasteur discovered that yeast were microorganism capable of fermenting sugar to
produce co2 and ethanol1. In the yeast industry yeast culture medium plays a important role in
the production and Economic, Carbohydrate is an essential nutrient for all living cell. In this
study maize flour produce highest biomass production of yeast compared to all the treatment.
The second highest biomass observed in millet flour extract treatment. The least biomass
production was observed in green gram treatment. The control treatment always has lesser
biomass production.
There biomass production of rice and millet flour treatment has equal range of
biomass production. In the same time, Bengal gram treatment and wheat flour treatment
has more or less equal range of biomass production. In this study maize is highly suitable for
maximum biomass production of yeast. It is recommended to yeast culture. Next to maize
millet and rice are highly suitable to produce more yeast. So these findings are recommended
to yeast production industry.
Reference
1. Rocio Gomez pastor, Roberto perez-Torrado Elena Garre and Emilia matallana (2011) recent advances in yeast biomass production chap in book Biomass detection, production and usages Edited by Dr.Dark o motoric chap pp.: 201-222
2. Muruganandam.M (2016) Thermal shocks alter the growth physical pattern of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae proceeding in seminar on Global warming and climate changes held on 19th Aug 2016.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Table.1, Various carbohydrate sources on flounce on yeast Biomass production
S.No
Carbohydrate Sources
Yeast BiomassProduction(mg)
1 Millet powder 335
2 Thenai powder 290
3 Bengal Gram powder 255
4 Maize powder 365
5 Rice powder 335
6 Wheat powder 235
7 Green gram powder 215
8 Control 60
Economic importance of Azolla
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Muruganandam.M, S.Saranya, and B.Kokila Dept. of zoology, Syed Ammal arts and Science College, Ramanathpuram-623513.
Abstract
Azolla has very rich in protein, essential amino acids, vitamins (vitamin A, B B12,
beta carotene), growth promoter intermediaries and minerals like calcium, phosphorous,
potassium, etc. Azolla on dry weights basis is constituted of 25-35% protein content ,10-
15% ,mineral content and 7-10% a combination of amino acids ,bio active substances and bio
polymers .Azolla based feed is economic and efficient for live stocks and fishes . It is also
used as bio filter in industries and domestic effluents. It is a good green manure for rice
cultivation .A single crop of Azolla provides 20-40kg of nitrogen per hectare compensating
approximately are one third of nitrogen demand for crop .The economic importance of Azolla
is discussed in this article.
Introduction
Azolla is free floating water fern and also a weed which present in most of the
fresh water bodies, even in waste waters It covers surface of water. It grows very fastly. Still
it is not properly utilized. Azolla is distributed in south East Asia, Africa, Madagascar, India,
China, Japan Newgnea Mainland and Australia. It is mainly found in ponds, Ditches and
channels. In Asian countries Azolla piñata is commonly found. It is very easy to produce at
large scale level. It has many economic important. These are discussed here one by one.
Nutrient composition
Azolla is very rich in proteins essential amino acids, Vitamin A, VitaminB 12(beta
carotene) growth promoter intermediaries and minerals like calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium
ferrous, copper, magnesium etc. Azolla on a dry weight basis is constituted of 25-35 %
protein content.10-15% mineral content and 7-10% a combination of amino acids, bio active
substances and biopolymers. Carbohydrate and oil content in Azolla is very low thus the bio
composition of Azolla makes it one of the most economic and efficient feed substitute for
livestock. More over Azolla can be easily digested by livestock owing to its high protein and
low living content .1
Bio filter
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Azolla possess great ability to absorb heavy metals like chromium cadmium, copper,
zinc, etc. from the water. The metal polluted effluent from industries like chemical leather
dectroplating, etc. and other different metals can be checked by cultivating Azolla. Azolla is
there froe ecofriently it is essential to remove hardness of water 2
Green Fertilizer
The Azolla has an endosymbiosis prokaryotic organism. One is a nitrogen fixing
filamentous cyanobacteria-Anabaena Azolla and the second is variety of bacteria that some
identified as Arthrobactersp sp. In this association, it is assumed that an exchange of
metabolites, namely fixed nitrogen compounds, occurs from the cyanobiont to the host1. The
Azolla is used as green manure and as a substitute for in organic nitrogen fertilizers 3.The use
of Azolla integrated into rice fish culture is common in the southern parts of china, Vietnam
and the Philippines34,a single crop of Azolla provides 20-40 kg nitrogen per hectare
compensating approximately one third of nitrogen demand for crop.1
Animal feed
There are reports on the use of fresh Azolla as a fish fodder 5,6A few report that
cultivation of Azolla along with paddy and fish leads to attain increased production of both.
The trials conducted on Azolla as feed substitute are also encouraging7. Demonstrated that
dried Azolla meal is a useful partial protein source in feeds of juve4nile and adult Tilapia
(O.niloticus) . Azolla meal can replace up to 30% of fish meal based die without loss of pond
yields 8 Azolla meal used as supplementary feed and also feed ingredients in livestock feed
and also feed ingredients in livestock feed livestock easily digest the Azolla meal due present
of low lignin content. The Azolla ha lot of economic importance However our country
farmers are not properly utilized.
Reference
1.SanjayKr.Dixit and Sulekha Dixit (2013) Azolla –A symbiotic Nitrogen fixing fern Int,JEnv, Sci 17(1) pp 29-30.
2.Lumpkin T.A. and D>L Plickknett (1980) AzollaBNotany, Physiology and use as a green manurs Economic Botany -34 :P 114-153
3.FAO, 1978 China Azolla propagation and small scale biogas technology FAO soils Bulletin 41, Rome.,
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
4.Cagauan A.G and pullin R,S.V 1994 Azolla in Aguaculture pat present and future In Muir J.F and R.J Roberts (Eds) Recent advances in aquaculture Block well scientific ltd oxcford London pp 104-130.
5.Pantastico, J,B BAldia S.F and JrReyaes D>M (1986) Tilapia (T.Nilotica) and Azolla (A.Pinata cage farming in Laguna Lake fish Res phillipp J. 11 (1-2) : 21-28.
6.ELsayedA.F.m (1992) Effects of substituting fish meal with Azollapinnata in practical diets fur fingerlings and adult nile tilapia Oreochromisniloticus (L) Aquaculture fish managen . 23, 167-173.
7.NaegelL.C.a (1998) Evalution of three Azolla varieties as a possible feed Ingredient for Tilapia Animal Res and Develop feed Rep Germany Vol.48 pp 31-42
8.Muruganandam .M (2005) uses of Aquatic weeds in fish Nutrition Aqua Tech vol: (5) pp 65-67.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Vitamin Immunostimulants
Muruganandam.M,Dept. of Zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathapuram-623513
Abstract
Vitamins are organic compounds .They are essential for growth, immunity and
survival. Vitamins are act as immunostimulants Such as vitamin A, C, D, E, etc. The
administration of an immunostimulants prior to an infection may elevate the defense
mechanism of the animals and thus provide protection against severe or lethal infection.
During administration of immunostimulants more care concerning the dosages is necessary
when working with immunostimulants .This is because high doses of an immunostimulants
can suppress the defence mechanism and low doses may not be effective .The various
vitamin immunostimulants and their role in immune responses were discussed.
Key Words Vitamins, Immune response, Immunostumilant
Introduction
Vitamins are organic compounds which is necessary very little amount for day
today life activity. Some vitamins act as immunostimulants. They induce no-specific
immunity. The administration of an immune stimulant prior to an infection may elevate the
defence mechanism of the animals and thus provide protection against various infections. The
important vitamin immunostimulants are vitamin A, D, E, and C.
Vitamin A
The higher doses of vitamin A supplementation suppress the growth rate of
cancer cell It act as against tumours vitamin A is necessary for proper immune functions,
growth Bone Formation , reproduction and wound healing IT boost up the immune system by
stimulating white blood cells function and increasing the production of antibodies . 1 There
major signs of hyper vitaminosis A in fish rainbow trout were growth depression increased
mortalities abnormal necrotic and caudal fin, pale yellow fragile liver were shown 2 .The
level of tolerance of vitamin A various from species to species. Higher supplementation of
vitamin A leads to suppressed growth effects in fish loach. (Lepidocphalus thermalis) 3.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Vitamin D
In vertebrates the vitamin D mainly functions as a precursor tel-25 di-hydroxyl
chalecalciferal which stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine and regulates its
movement to maintain physiologically normal levels in the blood 4 .In the cause of
crustaceans vitamin D functions in the mine realization of the exoskeleton even though
marine crustaceans can absorbed significant amount of dissolved calcium through their gills 5.
The vitamin D is important for immune system If increased intake of vitamin D is preventive
against cancers, Rickets, ateomalaria hyper parathyroidism multiple sclerosis, etc. Hyper
vitaminosis leads to hyper calcemia etc., Muruganandam et al 6 provide that vitamin D
entrance the immune responses against pathogenic bacteria staphylococcus aureus infection.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is involved in encephalomalarcia in chicks 7 and erythrocyte
hemolysis in several animals. 8 The Vitamin E prevent s oxidative diathesis in chicks white
muscle disease in fish 9 and liver necrosis in rats several nonspecific cell degenerative
conditions have been described in fish fed with large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty
acids with in adequate tocopheral in the diet In fish vitamin E is a growth promoter that
inhibits, lipid and fatty acid oxidation 10,11 The vitamin E mainly stimulate erythrocyte
population and antibody production against bacterial infections It act as good
immunostimulants 2 .
Vitamin C
Vitamin C has protective role against environmental stresses. Vitamin C
reduce the immune suppression which is caused by stress and it act as immunostimulants in
fishes. So the higher level of vitamin C diet requires under stress condition vitamin C also
reduce the effect of corticosteroid hormone on target cells and involve in detoxification
process 12. High levels of dietary vitamin C have been associated with improved immunity to
bacterial, viral and parasitic challenges in fish 13, 14, 15, 16. 17. .The vitamins are Nutritional
factors it support the functions of immune system and help to boost up the functions of
immune system. If add before infection it gives strength to the immune system.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Reference
1.Satish.. V., R.kumar and M.Muruganandam (2010) Retinol influence on Immune response against Colorectal cancer cells in proceedings of National symposium on Recent Advances in Biotechnology (NSRAB-2010) 23rd and 24th Jan-2010
2.Hilton.J.W. (1993) Hyper vitaminnosis in rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) toxicity signs and maximum tolerance level J.Nutr. 113(9) 1737-1745.
3.Murugananadam .M (2005 vitamin requirement on in on Air breathing fish PhD thesis M.S.University, Triunelveli. Tamilnadu.
4.NRC (1983) Nutritional requirement of trout, solmon and catfish Nutrient requirements of domestic animals ser.11 National research council 570.
5.ReddyS.y. and Babu.M.R (1991) Gonadosomatic index and fecundity of Heteroprestursfossilis (Bloch) from Hussin sugar HydrabadIndian.J. fish 38(2) 93-96.
6.Muruganandam.MEswarapriya, B.Gopalasamy. Kalidos.S. Kamaswarti. B., Deveip, Anitha and Meera .A. (@)10) calciferal influence on pathogenicity against stathylococcus aureus.JGlo.Pharm tech. 2(4) : 58-65.
7.Pappeanhoimar and Geettsch (41) procExp Bio Med., 47 : 268p
8 Gyorgy p. Rose c.s. (1948 ) Science 108, 716
9.Poston .H.A., Combs G.F. and Lei bouitz L. (1976) Vitamin E and Selenium Interactions in the Atlantic salmon gross histological and Biochemical Deficiency signs J.Nutr. 106: 892-904.
10.Lall,S.P, Oilver., G.Hines J.A and fergudon H.W., (1988) The role of vitamin E in nutrition and immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar) Bull Aqua cult. Assoer. Can 88: 76-78
11.Muruganandam.M. (2006) Fat soluble vitamins toxicity and Deficiency signs in fishes AquaTech vol.5.pp 70-73
12.Muruganandam.M. (2005) Vitamin C enhance stress tolerance limit to fishes, Aquatech; vol 5(10) pp 69-72.
13.WagboR. (1994) The impact of nutritional facters on immune system in Atlantic solmonsalm solar L. review Aqua cult and fish maz25, 175 -197.
14.Satuabudhy A.M.A., Grant B.F. and Halver J.E., (1989) Effect of L-ascorbyl Phosphates (Aspp on growth and immune resistance to rainbow trout concorhynchus mykiss) to infections hematopoietic necrosis (1HN ) Virus Proceeding from third International symposium on feeding and nutrition in fish pp 411-426. Toba Japan.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
15.Navarre.O. andHalver J.E (1989) Disease resistance and humeral antibody production in rainbow trout fed high level of vitamin C Aquaculture 79, 207-221.
16.Wahli, T., Meier.W. and plisterk. (1986) Ascorbic acid induced immune mediated decrease immortality in I chtyopth thirius infected rainbow trout (salmon gairdneri) Acta Tropica 43: 287-289.
17.Muruganandam,M (2006) Immunostimulants vitamin C influence on antibody production against Aeromonas hydraophila in fish channa punctatus Aqua Tech. Vol 6pp 60-61.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Insect protein sources effect on Bio mass Production of yeast
Muruganandam.M, Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya Department of zoology,Syed Ammal arts and Science College,Ramanathpuram-623513
Abstract
Insects are the only flying invertebrates, Its body temperature is not
constant .In future due to global warming, It will multiply enormously so try to use at
maximum level for beneficial purposes .The insects contain more protein ,it will multiply
very fast. In this experiment aqueous extracts of various insects’ effect on biomass
production of yeast were studied. Two medium were used for yeast production, one is sugar
and another one is peptone medium 10%of various insects such as. Stick insect, grasshopper
termite and spider aqueous extract were mixed with these medium separately. After 48 hours
incubation higher biomass production was observed in grasshopper treatment in both medium
.The peptone water has higher biomass production observed compared to sugar medium .The
second higher biomass production was observed in spider treatment .So It is concluded that ,
these insects protein sources are good to enhance biomass production of yeast. and the mean
time some insect extract reduces the biomass production of yeast due to presence of
antifungal substances.
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
Key words Insects, Yeast, Biomass production
Introduction
Protein is a polymer of amino acids protein is the essential constituents of living cells
proteins make up 12% of the protoplasm. Insects are flying invertebrates. It has the higher
population compared to many group of animals. It contains higher level of proteins and
essential amino acids. It is used as supplementary protein feed to fish culture and other
animal husbandry operation, even human beings insects as food in many countries It china
insects consume are reared for food purpose In the biomass production o yeast industry use
various nutrients The Insects are very low cost but rich in essential amino acids and protein If
use insect protein sources the various insects were collected and used as supplementary
protein for biomass production of yeast.
Materials and Methods
Insects are one of the major group of animals in terrestrial habitat. In this study various
insects such as stick insects, Termite grass hopper and spider extracts were used. All the
insects are individually collected and put in low temperature for inactivation the, insects
weight was taken (0.5gm) and add 5ml of water with help of mortar and pistil extract was
prepared. These are directly added with 8ml of sterilized peptone water and one ml 24hrs
yeast culture. These are mixed well and incubated at 37*c, 1after 48 hours biomass
production of yeast was calculated. Instead of peptone water one percent sugar solution was
used and similar culture maintained in sugar solution. At the end of the experiment bio mass
production was calculated in all the treatment.
Result and Discussion
The yeast industry is high economic industry. As in distillation increased the many facture of
fermented producer the demand of yeast growth grows experimentally 2.Proteins are the
building blocks of cells and the functional protein control function of cell. The insects has
rich proteins source. The highest biomass production was observed in grass hopper aqueous
extract treatment in both medium. The second highest biomass observed in spider extract.
The lowest biomass production observed in stick insects in both culture medium. The termite
extract treatment has more or less equal level biomass production in both medium. The
peptone medium has mire biomass production compared to sugar medium. The control has
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018
lesser biomass production except stick insect treatment. Because it has very lesser biomass
production compared to control treatment.
Based on the result it is concluded that grasshopper extract is best to improve the biomass
production of yeast. In the same time .Stick insects aqua extract has some substance which
reduces the yeast growth. So these substances may be anti-fungal peptides. It will useful to
anti-fungal drug preparation. That grass hopper extract is best to improve the biomass
production of yeast. In the same time stick insect aqueous extract has some substance which
reduces the yeast growth. So these substances may be anti-fungal peptides. It will useful to
antifungal drug preparation.
Reference
1. M.Muruganadam (2016) thermal shocks after growth physiological pattern of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. In proceeding of seminar global warming and climate changes 19 .Aug .2016 .PP; 54-57
2. RocioGomes –pastor, RobertoPerez- tornado, Elena garre and Emilia mantilla (2011).recent advances in yeast biomass production –chapter in book biomass detection, production and usages edition by darkomotvit. Ctap PP; 201-222.
Table.1 Insects extracts effect on Biomass production of yeast.
S.No Insect nameBiomass in Sugar medium(mg)
Biomass in Peptone water medium(mg)
1 Stick insect 90 96
2 Termite 190 193
3 Grass Hopper 475 686
4 Spider 305 560
5 Control 68 121
National Seminar on Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture 20-sep-2018