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Coworking and Social Support among Peers.
A Multivariate ERGM of Economic and Social Exchange between ICT Freelancers
Federico Bianchi, Niccolò Casnici and Flaminio Squazzoni
GECS – Research Group in Experimental and Computational Sociology,
Department of Economics and Management, Univers ity of Brescia
f e d e r i c o . b i a n c h i 1 @ u n i m i . i t
From economic to social exchange«Under which structural conditions do purely instrumental exchange relations develop into expressive ones that are valued in their own right?» (Thye, Yoon & Lawler 2002, p. 140)
STRUCTURAL LOGIC
What structural patterns drive the emergence of ties of social support among peers who interact for business purposes?• Direct exchange (Lawler, Thye & Yoon 2008)
• Indirect (generalized) exchange (Molm, Collett & Schaefer 2007)
MULTIPLEXITY
How do ties of social support form from previously existing economic relationships?• Successful negotiated exchange (f.i., professional collaboration) (Lawler, Thye & Yoon 2008)
• trust in risky situation (Molm, Collett & Schaefer 2007)
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Talent Garden coworking space
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n 29
Age (average) 32
Seniority (average, months) 20
5
25
Gender
F M
• Freelance workers (6 agencies) no formal organizational structure
• Spontaneous collaborations• No formal status differences• All in ICT: no relevant differences in
competencies
Data collection
Preliminary ethnography• 2 months participant observation• Semi-structured interviews to office manager and owners (not included in the survey)• Aims: (i) adjusting the survey to the context; (ii) maximizing participation by getting
acquainted with subjects
CAPI survey• 1 interviewer, 4 weeks of total interviewing time• 30’ time• 100% response rate
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Relations and measurementRelation Measurement References
Social support• Material resources• Expressive resources
Attitudinal and passive:• Expectations based on
experience• High contingency of events
van der Poel (1993), Lin (1999), De Lange et al. (2004), Stoltis et al. (2013)
Professional collaboration• Incoming work• Outsourced work• Common projects
Event-based:Proxy for actual negotiated exchanges
Satisfaction for collaborators 1-7 Likert
Trust in business Attitudinal and Passive De Lange et al. (2004), Lusher et al. (2012)
Previous acquaintance Actual
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Hypotheses
Hp. 1. If i collaborates with j and positively evaluates him/her, then it is likely that iexpects support from j for non work-related issues
Hp. 2. If i trusts j for business issues, then it is likely that i expects support from jfor non work-related issues
Hp. 3. Expectations of social support are likely to be reciprocated directly
Hp. 4. Expectations of social support are likely to form cycles
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Social support
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Statistics Values
# ties 29
# edges 99
Density 0.12
Mean in/outdegree 3.41
Min indegree 0
Max indegree 7
Indegree centralization 0.13
Min outdegree 0
Max outdegree 8
Outdegree centralization 0.17
# reciprocated pairs 25
# transitive triads (030-T) 11
# cyclic triads (030-C) 0
Positive collaboration
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Statistics Values
# ties 29
# edges 130
Density 0.16
Mean in/outdegree 4.48
Min indegree 0
Max indegree 11
Indegree centralization 0.24
Min outdegree 0
Max outdegree 12
Outdegree centralization 0.28
# reciprocated pairs 58
# transitive triads (030-T) 0
# cyclic triads (030-C) 0
Trust in business
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Statistics Values
# ties 29
# edges 235
Density 0.29
Mean in/outdegree 8.10
Min indegree 0
Max indegree 16
Indegree centralization 0.29
Min outdegree 0
Max outdegree 20
Outdegree centralization 0.44
# reciprocated pairs 64
# transitive triads (030-T) 89
# cyclic triads (030-C) 1
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Multivariate EGM: Support and TrustParameters
Social Support Trust in Business
Est. S.E. Est. S.E.
Endogenous effects
Arc -7.289 (1.636)* -2.408 (1.732)
Reciprocity 0.793 (0.639) 0.767 (0.363)*
Simple 2-Path -0.353 (0.200) 0.053 (0.025)*
Popularity (in-degree) -0.422 (0.507) -0.064 (0.573)
Activity (out-degree) -0.296 (0.428) 0.820 (0.460)
Path closure (ATA-T) 0.686 (0.237)* 0.588 (0.207)*
Cyclic closure (ATA-C) -0.137 (0.210) -0.250 (0.109)*
Multiple connectivity (A2PA-T) 0.038 (0.215) -0.048 (0.056)
Multivariate endogenous effects
Entrainment of Support and Trust in business 2.058 (0.444)*
Exchange of Support and Trust 0.853 (0.350)*
Controls
Demographics
Age (sender) 0.057 (0.027)* -0.026 (0.015)
Age (receiver) 0.100 (0.027)* -0.027 (0.018)
Age (homophily) -0.064 (0.032) 0.011 (0.018)
Gender (homophily) 0.054 (0.296) 0.108 (0.167)
Experience
Seniority (sender) 0.007 (0.015) -0.018 (0.007)*
Seniority (receiver) 0.024 (0.016) 0.011 (0.008)
Seniority (homophily) -0.008 (0.014) -0.028 (0.009)*
Exogenous structure
Collaboration (covariate network) 0.928 (0.864) -0.693 (0.593)
Positive Collaboration (covariate network) -0.322 (1.045) 1.348 (0.602)*
Previous Acquaintance (covariate network) 2.021 (0.861)* 1.247 (0.501)*
Agency Co-Membership (covariate network) 0.916 (1.341) 0.659 (0.975)
1. No significant reciprocity
2. Positive transitive closure
3. No significant cyclic closure
STRUCTURAL MECHANISMS FOR SOCIAL SUPPORT
MULTIPLEXITY
6. High multiplexity between Trust in Business and Social Support
4. No significant multiplexity between Positive Collaboration and Social Support
5. Multiplexity between Positive Collaboration and Trust in Business
Conclusions
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1. No evidence of direct (tie reciprocation) nor generalized (cyclic closure) exchange among peers
2. Emergence of local hierarchiecal clusters in a globally decentralized network: support expectations seem to self-organize along informal status differences
3. A collaboration between two peers, however successful, is not enough to foster the development of support ties.
4. A successful collaboration fosters the formation of trust in business, which is highly correlated with expectations of support. Trust might work as an endogenous mechanisms.
Limitations and further developments
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Cross-sectional data New measurements?
Agent-Based Model calibrated on network data:• Testing the emergence of informal hierarchy• Avoid homogeneity assumption in ERGM
Comparison with formal hierarchical organizations
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Thank you for your attention