Conference Paper presentation at INSCI2016: An empirically informed taxonomy for the Maker Movement

AnempiricallyinformedtaxonomyfortheMakerMovement

Chris&anVoigt(ZSI),CalkinSueroMontero(UEF),MassimoMenichinelli(FabLab-BCN,AU)

CentreforSocialInnova9on|Dr.Chris&anVoigt

3rd International Conference on Internet Science INSCI 2016 – September 12-14, Florence, Italy

Context:Collec9veAwarenessPla>orm

•  TheMakerMovementis-amongmanythings-awaytoempowerpeopletotakeownershipofdesignsandmeansofproduc7on.

•  Ownershipalsomeanscontrollingvaluepreferencesembeddedwithinaproduct

•  Forexample–  materialsused,–  featuresprovided,–  energyconsumed,–  openlydesignedetc.

CentreforSocialInnova&on|[email protected]

Anempiricallyinformedtaxonomy 2

What defines the Maker Movement ?

Taxonomy •  comparability •  track changes

in meaning •  fostering

abstractions

ProblemStatement&Approach•  Taxonomiesarefrequentlyadhoccrea&ons,i.e

–  unclearoriginsortheore&calframeworks–  maylackempiricalfounda&ons

•  Approachtested–  Cansocialmedia,googletrendsandaccesssta7s7csinformtaxonomicstructures?=>explanatoryusefullness

•  Objec&ve–  Testtools,methodsandrisks(modera&ngeffects)



Taxonomyrefinement



1STSTEP:SELECTORS



Seeds

ü people:maker,hacker;

ü places:makerspaces,hackerspaces,fablabs;ü ac9vi9es:DIY,3d-prin&ng,making,hackingmaker_educa&on.



13.Ratto, M.: Critical making: Conceptual and material studies in technology and social life. The Information Society. 27, 252–260 (2011). 14.Anderson, C.: Makers: the new industrial revolution. NY (2012). 15.Dougherty, D.: The maker movement. innovations. 7, 11–14 (2012).

… used as hashtags, search terms and wikipedia pages – ‘seed word’ concept.

2NDSTEP:SOCIALMEDIAANALYSIS

Co-WordAnalysisWikipediaSta&s&csGoogleTrends(Search,Co-Search)Emo&onalProfiling



Co-WordanalysisinR•  downloadtweets

(specifiedbyoneormorehashtags,max13.000,withinlast7days)•  createcorpus(i.e.combina&onofseveraltextfiles)•  cleantext(onlyalphabe&cchars,nonumbersorbrackets,noURLlinksor

retweet–RT–or@names)•  createtermmatrix(wordbywordmatrix=>getshuge)•  removesparseterms(i.e.veryfewcombina&ons)•  plottop20ortop30co-words



needed <- c ("twitteR", "tm”, "ggplot2”) sapply (needed, require)

13,000tweetswith#3dprin9ng



Risk #1: Short time span & high impact events





Wikiped

iaAccessS

ta9s9cs

Another example for the impact of external events ...

Timelineinterpreta9ons

•  'hackerspace’aredecliningaler2013•  visitsto'maker_culture'pageareincreasing•  2013:publica&onofChrisAnderson'sMakers:TheNewIndustrialRevolu7on.

•  2011coverstoryfromtheEconomist"PrintmeaStradivarius"

•  noclearideafordeclineofDIYaler2013



GoogleTrending



Risk #2: Reflecting semantics (3D printing being part of DIY) Risk #3: Non-testable data generation

3RDSTEP:DRAFTTAXONOMICSTRUCTURE



People:DraXTaxonomicStructure

...sofarco-wordanalysis,seemedthemostcomprehensibleapproach.CentreforSocialInnova&on|[email protected]


Outlook

•  integra&onof&medimension,indica&ngdecreasingandincreasingterms(e.g.GoogleTrending)

•  tes&ngofautomatedtaxonomybuidling(e.g.inaneduca&onalcontextwheretaxonomiesmanertosupporttheexchangeofmaterialsandlessonplans)



BACK-UP

CentreforSocialInnova&on|[email protected] Anempiricallyinformedtaxonomy 17

EMOTIONANALYSIS



Posi9veemo9ons– Clear:'Lotsofgreatprac&cal&psforcrea&ngalibrarymakerspace'(Eagerness)

– Ambiguous:'HugethankstoCargillSaltforapprovingourgrantforourMaker-space.You'rehelpingtofostercrea&vityandinnova&on!'(Liking)

– False:'AlephobjectsopensnewfulfilmentcenterinAustralia,offersfreeshipping-3dprint.com'(Fulfillment)



Nega9veemo9ons– Clear:'thanks!Iwanttotry...afraidI'lldomostoftheworkintheminimalmaker-space&mewehave!'(Distress)

– Ambiguous:'Worriedabout#makerspacelogis&cs?#fallcueisheretohelp!It'snotjustfortech!'(Distress)

– False:'Ifkidscanimagineit,theycanbuildit!Perfectforblas&ngawayboredom#makerspace'(Weariness)



Risk #4: Unknown classification errors