- smallest unit of life that can replicate independently.

- "building blocks of life".

- It is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all

known living organisms.

- discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.

-In 1839, The theory about cell was developed. It was developed

by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

- Cell comes from the Latin word “CELLA” , meaning "small

room".

Which States that :

- all organisms are composed of one or more cells.

- That all cells come from preexisting cells,

- that vital functions of an organism occur within cells,

- and that all cells contain the hereditary information

necessary for regulating cell functions and for

transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

• produce the first microscope .

• first creator of a compound

microscope, around the 1590's.

• Also credited with the invention of the

first telescope

- First to study the cell and examined it

under the microsope.

- An English natural philosopher,

architect, polymath and scientist.

- Discovered empty spaces contained

by walls, and named them “PORES”

or most comon called as “CELLS” .

- He gained credit for discovering the

building blocks of all life.

- Hooke calculated the number of cells

in a cubic inch to be 1,259,712,000.

•discovered the nucleus in cell as

the central part of the cell.

•He is a Scottish botanist best

known for his description of the

natural continuous motion of minute

particles in solution, which came to

be called ”brownian movement”.

-The nucleus directs all activity in the cell.

-It is the largest organelle in a cell.

- It also controls the growth and reproduction of the cell.

-The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that protects it from other parts of

the cell. It also contains a nucleolus, which is a secondary organelle.

It also contains the blueprints of the cell in the chromatin inside the nucleus.

-The chromatin is like long strands in the nucleus that carry DNA and proteins.

-The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location

of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available

to prokaryotes.

-The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the

replication of DNA during the cell cycle.

- He discovered some “ ANIMALCULES ” in

water using his microscope. Some of the

small animalcules are now known as “

BACTERIA ”.

- A microscopic or minute

organism, such as an amoeba or

paramecium, usually considered to be an

animal.

• Dicovered that cells have a living substance which he named as “ SARCODE “ then was later renamed as “PROTOPLASM” by Hugo von Mohl in 1850.

• He was a French biologist born in Tours.

• Known for his research of protozoans and other invertebrates and also largely known for his work with microscopic animal life.

.

-The material or cells of which all living things are built up. Each is

a jelly-like substance, the former being the nucleus of plants and

the latter of animals.

- Protoplasm is not a simple but a complicated structure,

sometimes called a “colony of plasts,” or nuclear granules.

(Greek, proto-plasma, the first model; proto-sarkodes, the first

flesh-like entity.)

- He gave the protoplasm to the component of the cell.

- He was a Czech anatomist and physiologist.

- He was one of the best known scientists of his time.

- In 1839, he coined the term “protoplasm” for the fluid substance of a cell.

- He is best known for his discoveries of Purkinje cells and Purkinje fibres. Purkinje cells are large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum.

-He was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope.

.

- He established the protoplasm

concept .

- He recognized under the name of

primordial utricle the protoplasmic

lining of the vacuolated cell.

- He first described the behaviour of

the protoplasm in cell division.

- first explained the true nature of

pits, and showed the cellular origin of

vessels and of fibrous cells . He is

considered as the true founder of the

cell theory.

• a german botanist , examined and

discovered that plants parts are made of

basic structure of cell.

• He wrote Contributions to

Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated

that the different parts of the plant

organism are composed of cells.

•He also recognized the importance of

the cell nucleus, discovered in 1831 by

the Scottish botanist Robert Brown and

sensed its connection with cell.

- a german zoologist , examined and

discovered that animals parts are made

of cells too.

- His contributions to biology include the

development of cell theory , the

discovery of schwann cells in

the periphial nervous system , the

discovery and study of pepsin , the

discovery of the organic nature of yeast ,

and the invention of the

term ”metabolism”.

- a german physician , stated that all living cells

come from pre-existing living cells and there is no

spontaneous generation of new living cells.

- known for his advancement of public health.

-He is known as "the father of modern pathology"

because his work helped to discredit humorism,

bringing more science to medicine.

- He is also considered one of the founders of social

medicine.

-His most widely known scientific contribution is

his cell theory , which built on the work of theodor

Schwann . He is cited as the first to

recognize Leukemia cells.

- Virchow’s work encapsulated in the

epigram Omnis cellula e cellula ("Every cell

originates from another existing cell like it."), which

he published in 1858.

All living things are made of one or more cells.

Cells are the basic units of life and all te chemical reactions of

life occur in cells.

All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.

- Reproductive cells

- Skincells

- Muscle cells

- Bone cells

- Blood cells

- Liver cells

- Nerve cells

- Brain cells

- Stomach cells

- Intestinal cells

– it is the largest

cell in a female body . it is about

one tenth of a millimeter in

diameter and visible to the naked

eye as a speck of translucent dust.

– are small

but unlike red blood cells , a huge

part of their size is made up of

DNA. It is intended to bring the

genes contained in the DNA in to

the female egg.

(plasma membrane / cytoplasmic membrane)

- is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells

from the outside environment.

- It serves as the outer boundary of the cell.

- It is a semipermeable membrane that selectively controls the

entrance and exit of materials.

- It can regulate the flow of materials into and out of the cells.

- Its functions is to Isolate the cytoplasm from the external

environment, Regulate the exchange of substances,

Communicate with other cells and Identification.

-it is the outermost structure of plant cells which consist of cellulose and

other substances.

- Its main function is to give rigidity and strength to the plant cells.

- The cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically and chemically from

its environment, and is an additional layer of protection to the cell

membrane.

-Plant cell walls are primarily made up of pectin, fungi cell walls are

made up of chitin and bacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan.

-Most commonly found in plant cells

- Controls turgity

- Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane

- Primary cell wall: extremely elastic

- Secondary cell wall: forms around primary cell wall after growth is

complete

- It is the liquid portion of the cell containing small organs ,” THE

ORGANELLES ”

Semifluid , organized ground materials in cells, it acts as a pool of raw

materials.

- Most (70%) is water , and the rest is proteins : carbohydrates, and

nucleotides, as well as their constituents.

- cytoplasm is a gel like substance that is inside the cell membrane. It

stores the organelles, water, and the chemicals in it.

- cytoplasm is constantly moving around.

- are parts of the cell which are adapted or specialized for

carrying out one or more vital functions, analogous to the organs of the human body (such as the heart, lung, and kidney,

with each organ performing a different function).

- Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have organelles, but prokaryotic organelles are generally simpler and are not

membrane-bound.

-It is a structure in the cytoplasm in the cell.

-All organelles have a membrane surrounding it. Some examples for organelles would be the Nucleus, Mitochondria,

and Golgi Bodies.- Some jobs that the organelles fulfil are transporting waste,

breaking down food for the cell, and just being storage containers.

• Oxygen

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Other elements

• 65

• 18

• 10

• 3

• 2

• 1

• 1

- Is a three dimentional network of small protein fibers in cytoplasm.

- It suspend the organelles in the cytoplasm and allows the regulated

movement of cell parts and responsible for the changes in cell shapes

and movements of the organelles.

- It is a cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within

a cell's cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells.

- It forms structures such as flagella, cilia andlamellipodia and plays

important roles in both intracellular transport (the movement

of vesicles and organelles) and in cellular division.

- Responsible for protein synthesis. Consist of molecular complexes of

ribosomal RNA and proteins.

- it is the cell’s protein factories.

-The ribosome accomplishes the reading of the messenger RNAs and

the binding of amino acids to the transfer RNAs to build up the protein

structures. This process is called translation.

-The ribosome is a complex of over 50 proteins plus its own

complement of RNA, often denoted rRNA.

- Each cell contains thousands

- Miniature 'protein factories'

- Composes 25% of cell's mass

- Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum

- Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm

-Is a network or interconnected flattened hollow tubules and channels.

- Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and protein.

-Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane

- Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane

- Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system

- Smooth type: lacks ribosomes

- Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

manufactures lipids,

contains enzymes that detoxify certain

poisons, transport carbohydrates, lipids,

and other non proteins.

is where proteins are

synthesized that is destined to be secreted

out of the cell. The outer (cytosolic) face of

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is

studded with ribosomes that are the sites

of protein synthesis. Rough endoplasmic

reticulum is especially prominent in cells

such as hepatocytes where active protein

synthesis occurs.

- is a collection of flat sacs hat transport the proteins from rough ER

to the outside of the cell.

- Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus modify the newly made proteins

by adding chemical groups.

- Protein 'packaging plant'

- A membrane structure found near nucleus

- Composed of numerous layers forming a sac.

- its is to process and package the macromolecules such

as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell.

- A double membrane bound organelle which are often called the cell

powerhouse of the cell .

- This is where the chemical energy in the form of ATP is produced by the biochemical process known as “ cell respiration ”. - Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure

- Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae

- Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae

- Controls level of water and other materials in cell

- Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and forms urea

- This are bound by a single membrane.

Taking up space and pushing other organelles closer to the plasma

membrane where the materials can be exchanged and also give cell its shape

(SAP VACUOLE)

Store waste products to be released later or used to prevent other

organisms from eating them (CONTRACTILE VACUOLE)and;

As a digestive structure that stores food (FOOD VACUOLE).

- Vacuoles store food and waste. Some vacuoles store extra water. They are

often described as liquid filled space and are surrounded by a membrane.

Some cells, most notably Amoeba, have contractile vacuoles, which can pump

water out of the cell if there is too much water.

- The vacuoles of eukaryotic cells are usually larger in those of plants than

animals.

- Acts as a digestive system of the cell for the digestion processes of materials taken in.

- Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

- Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

- Vary in shape depending on process being carried out

- Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes.

- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (acidhydrolases). They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfedviruses or bacteria

- Are the coloring pigments found in the plant cells.

- it is a major organelle found in the cells of plants and algae.

- Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical

compounds used by the cell.

- They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of

pigments present can change or determine the cell's color. They

possess a double-stranded DNA molecule, which is circular,

green pigments

red or colored pigments

white or colorless pigments

oily pigments

pale yellow pigment

orange pigments

Control the center of the cell. - Contains all the genetic (hereditary)informationin the form of DNA .

-A cell's information center, the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes, and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occurs.

-The nucleus is spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

- The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. -

- Is a small dark straining region. - It manufactures RNA and protein.Spherical shape- Visible when cell is not dividing- Contains RNA for protein manufacture

- Are long cytoplasmic projections containing

microtubules jutting out certain cells;

- Many single celled organisms use them for

propulsion .

- In plants , it is only found in species where

there are motile gamets (swimming) such as in the

mosses , liverworts , and ferns.

- It is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from

the cell body of

certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

- The word “flagellum” in Latin means whip.

- The primary role is locomotion but it also often

has function as a sensory organelle, being

sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside

the cell.

- Are shorter and more numerous ;they may cover the surface of some cells and move in waves allowing many cells to move through a medium.

- is an organelle found in eukaryoticcells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.

-two types of cilia: motile cilia and non-motile, or primary cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles.

Motile cilia – are Larger eukaryotes. These are usually present on a cell's surface in large numbers and beat in coordinated waves.

Primary/Immotile cilia - are found on nearly every cell in the body. These usually occurs one per cell; nearly all mammalian cells have a single non-motile primary cilium

- Came from the greek word “eu” meaning "good"

and “karyon” meaning "nut" or "kernel"

- is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and

other structures (organelles) enclosed within

membranes. Eukaryotes are formally the taxon Eukarya

or Eukaryota.

- are a group of organisms whose cells lack a

membrane-bound nucleus.

- Most prokaryotes are unicellular organisms.

- The word prokaryote comes from the Greek “pro”

meaning "before" and “ karyon” meaning "nut or

kernel".

- Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, mitochondria, or

any other membrane-bound organelles.

*With muriatic acid

*Lacks tubular

structure

*No occurance

*Absent

*Consist of nucleic

acid

*Have chlorophyll

but not found in

chloroplasts

*Absent

• Without muriatic

acid

• With tubular

structure

• May occur

• Present

• Consist of nucleic

acid and protein

• Chlorophyll is found

in the chloroplasts

• Present

Cell Wall

Flagella

Cytoplasmic

Streaming

Mitochondria

Chromosome

Photosynthesis

apparatus

Nuclear Membrane

• Usually larger with distinct

outlines and a definite cell wall.

• With thin lining of cytoplasm

with large food vacuole.

• Covered with cell wall that

consist of cellulose.

• Basically smaller with less

distinct boundaries and no

definite wall.

• Consist of mostly entirely of

cytoplasm. Food vacuoles are

usually small and not permanent.

• With no definite cell wall and do

not have cellulose.

- It is the inner pool of water , nutrients and other molecules.

- It serves as a transporting medium in that it carries food and

oxygen into the cells and wastes and carbon dioxide from

the cells.

- The intracellular fluid also maintains the shape

and size of each cell in the body.

- It is seen outside the plasma membrane.

- It helps control the movement of water and electrolytes throughout the

body. In order to maintain osmotic balance.

- allows a solute balance between the outside and the inside of the cell, or to

produce a gradient (which is commonly used to initiate diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, etc. )

-it is the movement were the materials tend to move down gradients,

from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

- Requires no extra energy, materials move down gradients.

- is a movement of biochemicals and

other atomic or molecular substances across membranes.

- it depends on the permeability of the cell membrane, which, in turn,

depends on the organization and characteristics of the

membrane lipids and proteins.

-There are four main kinds of passive transport

namedly diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and osmosis.

- Is the tendency of the materials to move from areas high to low

concentration; eventually the system reaches a state of dynamic

equilibrium.

- diffusion moves materials from an area of higher

concentration to the lower, it is described as moving solutes

"down the concentration gradient" (compared with active

transport, which often moves material from area of low

concentration to area of higher concentration, and therefore

referred to as moving the material "against the concentration

gradient").

- Is the movement ofmolecules that are large or ectrically charged

across membranes facilitated by carrier moleule.

- also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated

transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as

opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across

a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral

proteins.

- Is the movement of water through a selectively permeable

membrane. Diffusion of water across a membrane. High

concentration of water to low concentration of water.

- Substance that dissolved in another medium

- It is the suspended one .

- Medium into which the solute is dissolved.

- There is the same concentration inside the cell as outside.

- “Iso” means equal Solute concentration is the same outside and inside

the cell Water moves in and out of the cell but in equal amounts. No

change in cell size . Animals prefer this

- The fluid outside has a higher concentration of water

molecules than inside the cell so water will flow into the cell.

“Hypo” means less Concentration of solute (dissolved solids) is

less outside of cell than inside Therefore a higher concentration

of water outside the cell , Water will enter cell , Cell may lyse

(burst) , Cell wall prevents lysis

in plant cells

•The cells are in an environment with higher concentration of

salts outside water tends to move out of the cells.

•“ Hyper ” means more Concentration of solute is higher outside

of cell , Therefore a lower concentration of water outside the cell

Water leaves the cell Results in plasmolysis in plant cells

- Requires energy; typically movement of materials against the

concentration gradients.

A. Active transport may involve molecules or larger particles.

Molecules are usually transported across membranes by carrier

protein in the lipid bilayer.

B. Larger particles are actively transported by an out pocketing or

in pocketing of the plasma membrane .

(cell eating), plasma

membrane folds around a particle. Single celled organism use this

method to ingest food.

, cells use this

method to eliminate wastes.

– is the shrinking of the cells cytoplasm by osmosis due to loss of

protoplasm.

– is the entrance or adding of water to the living cell resulting to the

bulging of the cell.

– “cell drinking” certain amount of liquid are taken by the cell.

– “cell eating” solid particles are ingested by the cell.

– is the division of nucleus divides to produce two nuclei having

the same number of chromosomes with the parent nucleus.

Occurs only in somatic cells.

1st Stage of MitosisProphase

The DNA condenses, organizes and the classic

chromosomes structures appears

2nd Stage

Prometaphase

Microtubules attached to chromosomes

3rd StageMetaphase

The chromosomes align.

4th StageAnaphase

The chromosomes separates.

5th StageTelophase

Nuclear memebranes reappear around the 2 sets of chromosomes

Cytokinesis

InterphaseIt consist of 3 stages namely G1, S and G2