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CARBON COMPOUNDS
Made By:- Shivansh Singh Class:- 10th ‘E’
CARBON COMPOUNDSCarbon Compounds are compounds that contain
Carbon as one of their constituent elements
Carbon Compound
Organic Compound-Carbon containing compounds
except oxides of carbon, carbonates, syanides and metallic carbides
Hydrocarbon-contain Carbon and
Hydrogen only
Alkanes(saturated
hydrocarbons)-contain only single
bond
Alkenes(unsaturated
hydrocarbons)-contain at least
one multiple bond
Non-hydrocarbon-contain C,H and O,N,P,S,F,Cl,Br,I
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Inorganic Compound-non-carbon containing
compounds
Organic compound Inorganic Carbon compound
Similarity
Both contain carbon atoms
Diffenrences
Examples
Origin
Effect of heat
Solubility
Protein, fats, cellulose, natural rubber, petroleum
Formed from living thing
Have low boiling points and low melting point
Dissolve in organic solvents such as ether, petrol, alcohol
and chloroform
Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
Formed from minerals
Have high boiling points and high melting point
Dissolve in inorganic solvents such as ether, water, acids and
alkalis
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic compound that contain only Carbon and Hydrogen
Natural sources of hydrocarbons:• Petroleum• Coal• Natural gas• Rubber trees
B: ALKANES
General Formula : CnH2n+2 , n=1,2,3… Naming alkanes:
Number of Carbon atoms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Root name
Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-
Final name
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane
Structural Formula shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded together and by what types of bonds
Example :
Ethane
C2H6 molecular formula structural formula
Physical properties of alkanes
Cannot conduct
electricity
Insoluble in water
Low melting and boiling
points-dissolve in
organic solvents
Less dense than water
because the molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces which can be overcome by
small amount of energy
Chemical properties of alkanes
a) Combustion 1. Complete combustion Alkanes burn in air to form carbon dioxide and water CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
More soot is given off when a higher alkane is burnt. For example, the burning of heptane produce more soot than the burning of ethane
2. Incomplete combustion If insufficient oxygen available, carbon monoxide or even carbon
may be formed 2CH4 (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO (g) + 4H2O(l) CH4 (g) + O2(g) C (s) + 2H2O(l)
b) Halogenation
-Reaction of alkanes with halogens.
-readily takes place in sunlight (not occur in the dark)
-carbon-hydrogen bonds are broken and new carbon-halogens bonds are formed
-is a substitution reaction occurs when one atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is
replaced by another atom or group of atoms
-Example: when a mixture of CH4 and chlorine is exposed to
ultraviolet light, 4 different products are formed• CH4 (g) + Cl2(g) CH3Cl (g) + HCl(l) Chloromethane hydrogen chloride
C: ALKENES
is a hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond
General Formula : CnH2n , n=2,3,4… Naming alkenes:
Number of Carbon atoms
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Root name
Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-
Final name
Ethene Propene But-1-ene Pent-1-ene Hex-1-ene Hept-1-ene Oct-1-ene Non-1-ene Dec-1-ene
Structural formula of alkenes
Ethene: C2H4
Propene : C3H6
Physical properties of alkenes
Low melting and boiling
point
Soluble in organic solvents
Insoluble in water
Less dense than water
Cannot conduct electricity at
any state
Chemical properties of alkenes
(a)Combustion reaction
(b)Addition reaction
(c) Polymerization
reaction
(i)Addition of hydrogen(ii)Addition of halogens(halogenation)(iii) Addition of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI)(iv) Addition of water (hydration)(v) Addition of hydroxyl groups
Chemical properties of alkenes
a) Combustion reaction
Alkenes burn in excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H4 (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
Alkenes burn with sootier flames as compared to alkanes because alkenes have a higher percentage of carbon in their molecules than alkanes
b) Addition reaction
(i) Addition of hydrogen
This process is called catalytic hydrogenation
(ii) Addition of halogens (halogenation)
Observation: reddish-brown bomine is decolourised and colourless liquid is formed
This reaction is used as a test for the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond in organic molecules
(iii) Addition of hydrogen halides(HCl, HBr, HI)
• (iv) Addition of water (hydration)
(v) Addition of hydroxyl groups
Observation: purple solution of potassium manganate (VII) is decolourized
c) Poymerization reaction
Homologous Series
A group or family of organic compounds that has the followingcharacteristics:
a) Members of the series can be represented by a general formulab) Successive members differ from each other by –CH2c) Members can be prepared by similar methodsd) Physical properties change regularly with increasing number of carbon atomse) Members have similar chemical properties because they have the same
functional group
functional group : -a special group of atoms attached to an organic mlecule -determines the chemical properties of the molecule -chemical reactions occur at the functional group
5 homologous series learnt in this chapter:
Homologous series
General formula Functional Group
Alkane CnH2n+2 , n=1,2,3… Carbon-carbon single bond, C-C
Alkene CnH2n , n=2,3,4… Carbon-carbon double bond, C=C
Alcohol CnH2n+1OH ,n=1,2,3… Hydroxyl group, -OH
Carboxylic Acid CnH2n+1 COOH ,n=0,1,2,… Carboxyl group, -COOH
Ester CnH2n+1 COOCmH2m+1, n=0,1,2,…m=1,2,3…
Carboxylate group, -COO-
First memberSecond memberThird member
…..…..…..
As the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases:•Melting point increases•Boiling point increases•Volatility decreases•Density increases
Descending homologous series
D: ISOMERISM
Isomerism is a phenomenon whereby 2 or moremolecules are found to have same molecular formula but different structural formula
Isomers: molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural
formula
• Example: C4H10
Steps to draw structural formula of isomers of alkanes
Draw all the possible straight- chain and branched-chain carbon skeletons
Place single bonds around every carbon atom. Ensure that each carbon atom has 4 bonds
Place a hydrogen atom at each of the single bonds
Naming carboxylic acids
Find the longest continuous carbon chain containing the carboxyl group
Name this longest chain by replacing the ending –e of the corresponding alkane with –oic acid
Number the carbon atoms in this longest chain beginning at the carboxyl group
Locate and name the attached alkyl group
Complete the name for the carboxylic acid molecule by combining the 2 component parts together
THANK YOU