BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOOLS & THEIR APPLICATIONS

BY:Er. Rishikesh Mishra

CONTENTSBiotechnological tools & their applications in

PlantGenetic transformationsPlant cloningPlant genetic engineeringHaploid plant productionBio fertilizers ( Mycorrhiza)GM crops( Biotech plants)GM FoodsGMO( Genetically modified organisms)

GENETIC TRANSFORMATIONGenetic transformation is the heritable change in a cell or

organism brought about by the uptake and establishment of introduced DNA.

basic requirements for genetic transformation are:i. a target genome, ii. a candidate gene,iii. a vector to carry the gene,iv. tissue culture and regeneration system,v. modification of the foreign DNA to increase the level of

gene expression, vi. method to deliver the plasmid DNA into the cell,vii. protocols to identify the transformed cell, and

characterization of the putative transgenic plants at the molecular and genetic levels.

Production of Haploid Plants

Haploid culture advantages

Technique is fairly simpleA large proportion of the anthers may

respondHaploids can be produced in large numbers

very quicklyPlants with lethal genes are eliminated from

the gene pool.One can produce homozygous diploid or

polyploid plants inbreeding

PRODUCTION OF HYBRIDS & CYBRIDS

HOW THE HYBRIDS ARE PRODUCED

Bio fertilizers Mycorrhiza as Bio fertilizers Mycorrhiza (fungus roots) is a distinct

morphological structure which develops as a result of mutualistic symbiosis between some specific root - inhabiting fungi and plant roots.

In most of the cases plant seedling fails to grow if the soil does not contain inoculum of mycorrhizal fungi.

fungi has increased its significance due to its multifarous role in plant growth and yield, and resistance against climatic and edaphic stresses, pathogens and pests.

Methods of using the inoculum Two methods:a) using a dried spore-root- soil to plants by

placing the inoculum several centimeters below the seeds or seedlings,

b) using a mixture of soil-roots, and spores in soil pellets and spores adhered to seeds with adhesives

Benefits from Mycorrhizas to Plantsenhanced plant growth by increasing the

longevity of feeder roots.play a key role for selective absorption of

immobile (P, Zn and Cu) and mobile (S, Ca, K, Fe, Mn, Cl, Br, and N) elements to plants.

VA mycorrhizal fungi enhance water uptake in plants

reduce plant response to soil stress such as high salt levels

They increase resistance in plants to pathogens & pests

PRODUCTSGM CROPS ( BIOTECH PLANTS) GM FOODSINDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS Leather

BioethanolGMO( genetically modified organism).

GM CROPS ( BIOTECH PLANTS) Plant products of biotechnology approved for

food use have been modified to contain traits such as:

a) Insect resistanceb) Disease resistancec) Herbicide toleranced) Altered nutritional profilee) Enhanced storage life

Biotech Soybean

Contain more essential amino acids than meatHerbicide-tolerant soybean -contain a gene that provides resistance to one of two broad

spectrum herbicides. -same as other soybeans in nutrition, composition, and in the

way they are processed into food and feedOleic acid soybeancontains high levels of oleic acidConventional soybeans have an oleic acid content of 24%.

These new varieties have an oleic acid content that exceeds 80%.

Biotech Maize

Herbicide-tolerant maize -allow growers better flexibility in using

certain herbicides to control weeds that can damage crops. 

Insect-resistant corn -contains a built-in insecticidal protein from

a naturally occurring soil microorganism (Bt) that gives maize plants season-long protection from corn borers

-Bt maize also reduces toxin contamination

OTHER GM CROPS Biotech Rice Herbicide-tolerant rice Insect-tolerant rice Biotech Tomato Delayed-ripening tomatoBiotech Cotton Herbicide-tolerant cotton Insect-resistant cottonBiotech Potato Insect-resistant potato Virus-resistant potatoBiotech Papaya Virus resistant papaya

Dominant GM crops in the World, 2008Crops M/ha (million hectares)Herbicide tolerant soybean

73.3

Stacked traits Maize 28.8

Bt Cotton 16.1Bt Maize 10.2Herbicide tolerant Maize

7.0

Herbicide tolerant Canola

7.0

Stacked Traits Cotton 3.5

Herbicide tolerant Cotton

1.4

Herbicide tolerant Sugar Beet

0.5

Herbicide tolerant Alfalfa

0.1

Others <0.1Total 148.0

GM FOODS Term GM foods is most commonly used to

refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques

Done by adding one or more genes to a plant's genome using genetic engineering techniques.

Most genetically modified plants are generated by the biolistic method (particle gun) or by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation

Once satisfactory plants are produced, sufficient seeds are gathered

The advantages of GM foods

Pest resistance Herbicide tolerance Disease resistance Cold tolerance Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance NutritionPharmaceuticals

APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIESLeather enzymes that can be applied to the first steps of the

process where fat and hair are removed from the hides

Enzymes are also used during cleaning, and keratin and pigment removal, and to enhance the softness of the hide

Bioethanol Bioethanol can be produced from starchy plant

materials using enzymes capable of efficiently making the conversion

GMOGMO stands for genetically modified

organismthe term genetically engineered

microorganism (GEM) refers only to bacteria, fungi, yeast

Recombinant GMOs can be produced by gene cloning methods in which a non-native gene is introduced and expressed in a new organism

The introduction of bacterial genes into cash crops, to enhance their growth, nutritional value or resistance to pests, is becoming rather commonplace in plant technology.

GEMs IN BioremedediationGEMs, or "superbugs", for bioremediation,

that could withstand extreme conditions and rapidly break down the recalcitrant chemicals plaguing our waste sites and brownfields.

Issues such as how to control the spread of these superbugs and prevent an ecological upset, have hindered their development

Numerous proposals have been put forth and tested, from programmed cell death mechanisms to bioindicators to track their spread

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