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SASNA.P.S
Biology ,Habits & Diagnostic Features Of The Following Order : Neuroptera , Mecoptera ,Trichoptera
NEUROPTERA (SMALL TO RATHER LARGE SOFT BODIED INSECTS) This Order Includes A Varied ,Though Inter Related
Assemblage Of Holometabolous Carnivorous Insects More Commonly Known As Antlions, Lacewings, Snake Flies, Alderflies,and Dobsonflies.
There Are 2 Sub Divisions :- 1.Megaloptera (Alderflies&snakeflies)
2. Planipennia (Lacewings &Antlions)
This Order Is Characterised By The Nature Of Their Wings Which Are Membranous & Sub Equal ( Primitive Venation ).
Many Accessory Veins ,Costal Veinlets And Rs Generally Pectinately Branched, @ Rest They Are Held Over The Abdomen.
Neuroptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
5000
Lacewings, antlions
Variable
-numerous crossveins in wing-larvae with incomplete gut
Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing
-most primitive endopterygote-predaceous larvae
The Wing-coupling Apparatus Is Of Jugo - Frenate Type,though Small ,Usually Reduced And With Distinct Bristles , A Frenulum .
Hindwings With Large Anal Fold
The Tarsi Have 5 Segments And Abdomen 10 Segments. Abdomen Without Cerci
Long Ovipositor In The Females,enabling Them To Insert The Eggs With In Slits In Bark.
Mouthparts Are Of Mandibulate, Biting Type, With More Strongly Developed Mandibles In The Males And Maxillary And Palps, 5 & 3 Segmented Usually.
Elongate ,Filliform ,Many Segmented Antennae
The Females Lay Their Eggs (200-250) On Leaves Or Stem Or Other Objects Near Water In Compact Masses
Larvae Carnivorous ,Of A Modified Campodeiform Type With Biting Or Suctorial Mouth Parts.
The Mouth Part Of Larvae Need Special Mention ,Larvae Are Highly Destructive To Injurious Insects Like Aphids,the Other Soft Bodied Insects
Seizing Them Using Long Armed Sickle Like Mandible
At The Side Of The Abdomen Larvae Bear 7 Pairs Of 5 Segmented Tracheal Gills.
Some Species A Median Terminal Filament Also Functioning As A Gill
There Are Also Silk Producing Organs ,The Free Ends Of Some Malpigian Tubules Becoming Connecterd With The Intestine An Dproducing Silk Like Substance Is Last Instar.
Pupae Exarate , Decticous :Wings With Complete Tracheation.
Internal Anatomy The Internal Anatomy Of The Order Has Been Very Inadequately Investigated .
There Are 2 Pairs Of Thoracic And 8 Pairs Of Abdominal Spiracles.
Ventral Nerve Cord Consists Of 3 Thoracic And Generally 7 Abdominal Ganglia .
The Digestive System Is Provided With A Median Dorsal Food Reservoir .
A Peritrophic Membrane Is Present .
Number Of Malpigian Tubule Is 8.
The Ovary Consist Of A Variable Number Of Usually Polytrophic Ovarioles
ORDER :MECOPTERA (SCORPION
FLIES).
Mecoptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
600
Scorpionflies, hanging flies
Forests
-mouthparts on a snout
Mecos - long, ptera - wing
-swollen terminal segment with ‘stinger’
Terrestrial Insect,undergoing Transformations In The Soil
Carnivorous,with Elongate Beak Like Head .Frequently Shady Places And Are Often Met With In Herbage Or Rarely Under Stones
Distribution Mostly Sub Trophic & Temperate ,Some Of Them Are Cosmopolitan
This Small Order Comprises Of Less Than 400 Species Great Number Of Which Belongs To The Genera Panorpa & Bittacus.
Many Species Have The Terminal Segments Of The Abdomen Raised In The Manner Of Scorpion (Scorpion Flies)
The Bittacidae Are Very Slender Tipula Like Insect With Prehensile Tarsi
panorpidae
bittacidae
Distinguishing feature
The Hypognathous Head The Anterior Region Prololnged In To A Rostrum ,Which Is Formed By The Elongation Of Part Of Head Capsule Together With The Clypeus ,Labrum ,Maxillae.
Well Developed Compound Eye ,With 3 Ocelli
A Pair Of Filliform Antennae With 16-20 Segments In Bittacus & 40-50 In Panorpa
The Mouth Part Are Mandibulate ,The Mandibles Elongate ,Apically Toothed ,Maxillae Is Well Developed With All Parts Well Differentiated
The Lacinia & Galea Large & Hairy .Palp Is 5 Segmentated
Labium Has A Elongated Sub Mentum
Ligula Is Absent And Palpi 3 Segmented
Mouth part on a snout
The Prothorax Is Small ,Its Largest Region Being The Notum .
Meso And Meta Thorax Are Well Developed .
Legs Long Elongate Coxae Placed Close Together And Generally Adapted For Walking .5 Segmented And Paired Claws.
The Wings Are Membranous ,Almost Sub Equal And Held Horizontally In Response .In Many Species They Are Conspicuosly Spotted Or Banded.
The Venation Is Primitive ,Almost All The Main Veins And Their Branches And Cross Veins Are Present .
Anal Region Invariably Small And Reduced
The Abdomen Has 10 Segments But There Appear Tobe An 11 Segment In The Female
The Hind Margin Of The 9th Sternum Is Prolonged In To Deeply Cleft Process , & The 2 Arms Are Styliform.
The 9th Tergum Is Prolonged In To A Sub Quadrate Plate .
A Pair Of 2 Segmented Claspers Are Present In Between The Tergal And Sternal Process
A Sperm Pump Occur In Mecoptera
The 10th Segment Is Inconspicuous And A Pair Of A Short Cerci.
Internal anatomy The Alimentary Canal Is An Almost Straight Tube ,The Only Convolution Region Occur In The Hind Gut .
The Oesophagus Has 2 Dilations Serving As A Sort Of Pumbing Apparatus
Salivary Gland Are Tubular And The Malpighian Tubes 6 In Number
The Nervous System Consist Of The Usual Cephalic Centers ,3 Thoracic And 6-8 (Males),5-7 (Females),abdominal Ganglia
Respiratory System Is Well Developed There Are 2 Pairs Of Thoracic And 6 -8 Pairs Of Abdominal Spiracles .
The Reproductive System In The Male Consist Of A Pair Of Testes ,Each Composed Of 3-4 Follicles Arranged Side By Side In Longitudinal Axis .
Vasa Defferentia Is Highly Convoluted ,Forming A Kind Of Epididymis At The Posterior End Of The Testis
The 2 Vasa Deferentia Open Seperately Into A Large Median Vesicula Seminalis Which Also Receives A Pair Of Accessory Glands
Each Ovary Consist Of 7-19 Polytrophic Ovarioles ,The Number Varied Among Species.
Two Oviduct Unite To Form A Common Canal Which Open In To A Kind Of Genital Pouch
Latter It Also Receives The Opening Of The Duct That Leading From A Small Pyriform Spermatheca And That Of The Duct Of A Pair Of Colleterial Glands .
The Genital Pouch Communicates With The Exterior On The 9th Abdominal Segment
Life history and metamorphosis The Eggs Of Several Species Have Been Obtained By Confining The Adults Vessels Containing Damp Soil.
The First Stage Larva Is Yellowish Grey With The Head Testaceous ,It Is Eruciform Resemblance To Catterpillar.
The Head Is Rather Large With Prominent 3 Segmented Antennae
Mandibles Are Sharply Toothed ,Maxillae Is Divided Corresponding Galea And Lacinia.
Maxillary Palpi 3 Segmented, Thorax Bear 3pairs Of Legs With 4 Segments
Abdomen 10 Segmented,8 Somites Carry A Pair Of Abdominal Feet
the first 9 abdominal shields carry a pair of annulated processes
10th segment bear a single median process of retractile lobed vesicle on ventral side.
Nine pairs of spiracle are present .
After the first ecdysis the annulated process is dissapear except those of the last three segment .
Pupation takesplace in an earthern cavity below ground.the pupa is of exarate type and capable of movement when disturbed
When about to pupate,constructs a vertical tube leading near to the surface
Eggs dropped on ground (Panorpidae, Bittacidae) or laid in moss (Boreidae)
Hatch & 4 larvae instars
4th instar larva – digs earthen cell and becomes quiescent (few weeks to several months)
Generalized Mecopteran Life Cycle
pupaemating
Mating Behaviour in Scorpionflies
Male
Captures a prey item and offers it as a nuptial gift
Secretes salivary mass onto leaves
Forced copulation
Involve pheromones
ORDER:TRICHOPTERA(CADDIS FLIES)
The Trichoptera Include The Case Worms Or Caddis Flies.Which Are Moth Like ,Mostly Nocturnal Insects With Weak Powers Of Flight (Their Flight Is Short And Uncetain Duration) Found In The Vicinity Of Water .
The Case Bearing Larvae And The Pupae Are Aquatic
There Are Obscurely Coloured ,Generally Some Shade Brown With Darker Markings
They Rest On Herbage, Trees, Or Stones.
Head Is Usually Small With Widely Seperated Compound Eyes And 3 Ocelli
Antennae Are Multi-articulate And Setaceous ,Held In Front Of The Head When @ Rest
Cases of caddis flies....
Mouth Part Are Of The Biting Or Chewing Type ,Mandibles Vestigial Or Absent ,Maxillae Single Lobed With Elongate Palpi, Labium Better Developed Mentum, Short Prementum, Small Median Glossa Or Hypopharyngeal Haustellum Well Developed.
Thorax : Prothorax Is Shortest And Mesothorax Is Largest
The Legs Long & Slender Bear A Strong Coxae .And Both Meso & Meta Thoracic Coxae Bear A Meron
The Tibiae Is Well Developed Spur And Spines ,Tarsi Bear Claws And The Pulvili (Empodium)
The Wings Are Well Developed ,Hind Wing Generally Larger .Longitudinal Veins Are Distinct And The Cross Veins Are Reduced In Number
A Semi Transparent Whitish Spot Called Thyridium Is A Characteristics Of The Wing.
The Abdomen Is 10 Segmentated The Terminal Segment In The Female Some Times Being Retractile And Tubular ,Serving As A Ovipositor
Internal anatomy The Alimentary Canal Is Short With Paired Tubular Salivary Glands And 6 Malpighian Tubules.
A Crop Is Distinct ,Leading In To A Tubular ,Slightly Coiled Intestine And A Short Hind Intestine Bearing An Expanded Rectal Chamber With 6 – 30 Rectal Papillae .
Nervous System ,The Ventral Nerve Cord Bears 3 Thoracic And 6 Abdominal Ganglia
Numerous Polytrophic Ovarioles Present In The Ovaries ,With A Distinct Bursa Copulatrix In The 8th Segment
The Testes Are Paired ,Ovoid Structures And Accessory Glands Open In To Vasa Deferentia,
Life History And Metamorphosis The Larvae Is Abound In Lakes & Streams And The Case Making Habit Is Developed To A Large Degree They Are Called Case Worms Or Caddis Flies
The Cases Of Varied Size & Shapes ,Straight To Coiled And With Foreign Material Utilised In Their Construction Small Stones Small Sticks And Twigs ,Bits Of Leaves, sand Grains)
The Egg Lying Capacity Of The Female Ranges From 300-1000 Eggs And They Laid On Stones Or Other Submerged Objects
The Larvae Are Predatory ,Feeding On Small Insects Or Other Organisms
Some Of The Larvae Weave A Fine Net Or Shelter To Trap Small Organisms
The Larvae Possess Sclerotised Head More Strongly Developed Mouth Parts ,With Short Well Developed Legs Adapted For Clinging, Crawling & Swimming ( Help From Coming Out Of The Cases)
Paired Prolegs Or Caudal Hook Are Present In The Abdomen To Help In Or Fixing The Body Case
Filamentous Tracheal Gills Are Pres Thent , Rarely Rectal Blood Gills Are Present
The 1st Instar Gills Are Absent
Many Cases Bearing Larvae Possess Longitudinal Cuticular Fold On The Either Side Of The Abdomen,set With Fine Hairs Known As The Lateral Line
Bibron’s Gland Is Present In Larvae For The Excretion .(It Is A Accessory Gland ).
Silk Gland Are Well Developed And Before Pupation The Larva Spin A Cocoon , Which Is Ovoid And Made Of Silk,sand ,Debris, And Attached To Stones And Other Objects
The Pupae Develop In The Cocoon ,Posses Strong Mandible For Cut Their Way Out To Transform In To An Adult
CAMPODEOID TYPE ERUCIFORM TYPE 1. Compressed body not inclined at an angle
1. Head inclined at a distinct angle .
2. Not making cases. 2.Portable cases.
3.With out a abdominal papillae 3.Presence of tracheal gills
4.Rarely with rectal gills .
2 type of trichopterous larva
Grazers/scrapers-feed on biofilm of diatoms and algae comprising the periphyton. Includes some mayflies (e.g., Stenonema) and some caddisflies.Shredders-feed directly on CPOM, converting it to FPOM. Includes some stoneflies, caddisflies, and cranefly larvae.Collectors
Filtering collectors-may build a net which they either pick clean or consume, contents and all. Includes many caddisflies (e.g. Brachycentrus and Hydropsyche.)Gathering collectors-collect FPOM from around and under rocks as well as from interstitial spaces. Includes, among others, mayflies such as Baetis and Ephemerella.
Predators-examples include most beetle larvae and most stonefly larvae.
Ecological roles
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