James Sherwoodjames.sherwood@york.ac.uk

www.researchgate.net/profile/James_Sherwood2http://www.slideshare.net/JamesSherwood2

blogs.rsc.org/gc/author/sherwoodj

twitter.com/S4_Solvents www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/research/green

Presenter version

November 2014

Microwave

Processing

Clean Synthesis

& Platform

Molecules

Alternative

Solvents

Training, Education

and Networks

JamesClark

Avtar Matharu

Mike North

DuncanMacquarrie

MorayStark

Clean Synthesis Technology Platform

• Definitions and standards for bio-based products• Analysis of bio-based composition• Renewability assessment based on production chain• Complimentary work by partner organisations (biodegradation, labelling….)

3

www.kbbpps.euwww.open-bio.eu

4

ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomywww.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/13/mark-carney-fossil-fuel-reserves-burned-carbon-bubblewww.edie.net/news/5/Policymakers-urged-to-accelerate-shift-to-bio-based-economy

Coal, gas and oil assets are at risk!

~ Mark Carney(governor of the Bank of England)

5

“Taking bio-based from promise to market”, EC ad-hoc advisory group, 3/11/2009“Plant based chemistry A key stone in the chemical industry mutation”, Dr Valerie Lucas, Annual Network Conference Biobased Economy, 11/12/12

2025

2010

2005

Proportion ofbio-based products

in each sector

Chemical sectors

Bio-based chemicals market€ 126,000,000,000 (7%)

6

www.achema.de/de/presse/www.aaechemie.com/html/aae_solvent_information.htmlen.european-bioplastics.org/multimedia/ www.plasticsportal.net/wa/plasticsEU/portal/show/content/products/biodegradable_plastics/ecovio

Lubricants

Solvent

Surfactants

Bio-based solvent market share = 1.5%

Current capacity = 12.5%

265 million metric tonnes per year

20 MMT

2016 projection for bio-plastics

= 2.2%

Plastic

Biomass

Petrochemicals

IngredientsIntermediates

Product

(1) Chemical manufacturer: Produces a surfactant

(2) Chemical procurer: Sources an aroma compound

(3) Chemical product formulator: Makes an article (e.g. a cleaning product)

Intermediates

Make decisions regarding biomass use throughout the production chain in order to gain certification

7

8

Answers are multiple choice. Write your preferred answer in the relevant box as you go along…

…there is no single correct answer, but a number of “optimum solutions”

You can also choose from a selection of biomass feedstocks.

Sodiumlaurethsulphate

Glycerol

Vanillin

Sodium chloride

Other things

0

20

40

60

80

100

Formulating ingredients:

9

10

WaterDecyl glucoside

Sodium coco sulphateGlycerol

Magnesium chlorideCoco glucosideGlyceryl oleate

Aloe vera powderOlive oil

Sodium chlorideOrange oil

Sodium benzoate

WaterSodium laureth-3 sulphateSodium lauryl sulphateCoco monoethanolamideZinc carbonateGlycol distearateDimethiconeSodium xylenesulphonateCetyl alcoholMagnesium sulphateSodium chlorideSodium benzoateMagnesium carbonate Benzyl alcoholTocopherol acetateIsothiazolinone

‘Normal’ product: ‘Green’ product:

www.envirologek.comen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam_pump

12

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

Bio

mas

sB

iore

fin

ery

FoodStarch, sugar, oils

Food wasteinedible lignocellulose

(cellulosic bio-ethanol), municipal waste

Unrelated to food and agricultural land use

CO2 utilisation, algae products

One feedstock

Multiple product options

One feedstock

One product stream

Multiple feedstock streams

(whole crop)

Multiple product options

13

www.biodieselprocessor.org/www.chempolis.com/contact-us/plantbasedsummit.com/roquette-s-technical-visit,68.html

Roquette, France1st gen biomass

2nd gen biorefinery

Someone’s garden shed1st/2nd gen biomass1st gen biorefinery

Chemopolis, Finland2nd gen biomass3rd gen biorefinery

Clean Synthesis Technology Platform

A new OPEC:

Orange Peel Exploitation Company

50% juice 50% waste

Valorisation of a million ton scale pre-consumer waste

to bio-chemicals, bio-materials and bio-fuels.

BIO-CHEMICALS

8,069,705 T/y

of waste orange peels available in Brazil

BIO-FUELS

BIO-MATERIALS

Bio-ethanol

Bio-based solvents

Chars

Liquid fuelsSugars

Water purificationSeparations

Natural fragrance chemicals

Chemical intermediates

Catalysis

14

L. Pfaltzgraff et al., Green Chem., 2013, 15, 307.

Clean Synthesis Technology Platform15

M. Pourbafrani et al., Biores. Tech., 2010, 101, 4246.

Chemicals Fuels

Flavanoids

OPEC, India2nd gen biomass

1st gen biorefinery

Orange Peel Biorefinery16

Need a renewable source of hydrophobic chemical groups

17

58 wt% straw

E. H. K. Sin et al., C. R. Chimie, 2014, 17, 293.‘Towards a Wheat Straw based Biorefinery’, Fabien Deswarte.

‘Biomass: To win the Future’, Shi Yuanchun, Lexington Books, Plymouth, 2014.

18

UK Sugar Beet Sustainability Report 2011horizons.innovateuk.org/case-studies/31

www.dw.de/italian-company-makes-plastic-from-sugar-beet-waste/a-15438369

Need a renewable source of hydrophobic chemical groups

1st gen biomass3rd gen biorefinery

0% waste sugar beet factory,Norfolk

Nothing suitable in these product streams?

19

http://www.braskem.com.br/site.aspx/How-it-is-produced

Need a renewable source of hydrophobic chemical groups

20

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed

100%sustainable

21

Biofuels Barometer, EurObser’ER, July 2014

22

The UK used ~0.7 million tonnes of bio-diesel in 2013

EU 2020 renewable transport energy target is 10%:Maximum 5% contribution from food/land competing bio-fuels

ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/biofuels/land_use_change_en.htm

23

J. Clark and F. Deswarte (ed.), “Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass”, 2008, Wiley.

Straw(e.g. wheat)

Vegetable oil (e.g. rapeseed)

Sugar(e.g. sugar beet,

sugar cane)

24

25

Oligomerisation

Cracking

Hydration

Naphtha

Other pro-

ducts

DodeceneEthylene

Water

Hydrolysis

Reforming

ReductionLauric acid

Methane

Water

CO

Vegetable oil

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Water

Water

Gly

cero

l

Alcohol-ysis

Cracking

Oxi-dation

Oxi-dation

Sulphon-ation

Electrolysis

Neutralis-ation

Water

Sodium laureth

sulphate

Hydrogen laureth

sulphate

NaO

H

NaCl

Water

Chlorine

Mono-lauryl tri-ethylene

glycol

Sulp

hu

r tr

ioxi

de

Water

H2S

Oxygen

Ethyl-ene

oxide

Ethyl-ene

Losses

Oxy

gen

Other products

Hydrogen

1-Dodecanol

Naphtha

130 0

25

Amount of triglycerides /kg(assuming 100% fatty acid utilisation)

Amount of naphtha /kg(assuming 25% selectivity to ethylene)

Can be somewhere between the two!A non-dedicated biorefinery

50

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

1

2

3

4

Autumn Winter Spring Summer

Bio

mas

s fe

ed

uti

lisat

ion

(lin

es)

Pri

ce u

nit

s (b

ars)

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

1

2

3

4

Autumn Winter Spring SummerB

iom

ass

fee

d u

tilis

atio

n (

line

s)

Pri

ce u

nit

s (b

ars)

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

1

2

3

4

Autumn Winter Spring Summer

Bio

mas

s fe

ed

uti

lisat

ion

(lin

es)

Pri

ce u

nit

s (b

ars)

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

Option 4 (60%)

Option 2 or 3(~68%)

Option 1 (75%)

Budget: 6

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

1

2

3

4

Autumn Winter Spring Summer

Bio

mas

s fe

ed

uti

lisat

ion

(lin

es)

Pri

ce u

nit

s (b

ars)

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

1

2

3

4

Autumn Winter Spring Summer

Bio

mas

s fe

ed

uti

lisat

ion

(lin

es)

Pri

ce u

nit

s (b

ars)

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

Option 4 (60%)

Option 2 or 3(~68%)

Option 1 (75%)

Budget: 6

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

1

2

3

4

Autumn Winter Spring SummerB

iom

ass

fee

d u

tilis

atio

n (

line

s)

Pri

ce u

nit

s (b

ars)

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

Choose the amount of biomass you want to use in order to produce sodium laureth sulphate:

Option 1: (greedy)

Option 2: (crash & burn)

Option 3: (reactionary)

Option 4: (slow & steady)

1

3

4

2

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry www.epa.gov/sustainability/analytics/sustainability-impact.htmhttp://www.mvskincare.com/news/mv-skincare-uses-orangutan-friendly-sustainable-palm-oil-in-products-7pm-project-report

Certify the input feedstock(for sustainable biomass accreditation)?

orCertify the output product (biomass content label)?

Certify the input feedstock(for sustainable biomass accreditation)?

orCertify the output product (biomass content label)?

Choose a type of biomass certification:

Sustainable biomass:

Bio-based content:

X 1

X 2

Environmental criteriaClimate protectionAir qualityAir quality and quantitySoil quality and productivity and erosionBiodiversity within production areaBiodiversity protection areasEfficient energy and material useRenewable energy useResponsible waste management

Social criteriaLabour rightsWorking conditionsLiving conditionsLand use and land use changeWater scarcity measuresLocal development

Economic criteriaFair business practice

Certification of biomass(for sustainable biomass accreditation)

31

www.iscc-system.orgprEN 16751, 2014

Certification of biomass: renewable resource use

32

Biomass (30 wt%)

Petrochemicals(70 wt%)

Product A (40 wt%)

Product B (50 wt%)

Waste stream (10 wt%)

50% fossil saving75% fossil saving

60%fossil

saving

‘Attribution’ of fossil savings is done on agreed units – and not necessarily mass!

33

‘Conventional’ Supply Chain

RSPO Supply Chain Certification Standard, 25/11/2011

Allocated Mass Balance

Book-and-Claim

Sustainablebiomass

Proportion of renewable materials

Supporting sustainable

practice

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

Relates to:

Does not cover:

Production of biomass

The amount of biomass incorporated into an article

Utilisation of biomass

The origin of the biomass or the actual bio-based content of an article

Encouraging sustainable biomass production

The amount of biomass incorporated into an article

Sustainablebiomass

Proportion of renewable materials

Supporting sustainable

practice

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

Relates to:

Does not cover:

Production of biomass

The amount of biomass incorporated into an article

Utilisation of biomass

The origin of the biomass or the actual bio-based content of an article

Encouraging sustainable biomass production

The amount of biomass incorporated into an article

Choose a biomass feedstock certification type:

Sustainability (e.g. ISSC):

Renewable resource use (e.g. TÜV SÜD):

Book and claim (e.g. RSPO):

X 11

X 31

X 21

Must be a 1 in this cell(if you chose 2 please wait!)

36

www.leibniz.uni-kiel.de/ams-14c-labor/radiokarbonmethode c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/embed.php?File=leaf_bio.html#microprobe

37

web2.ges.gla.ac.uk/~dfabel/AMS/AMS_schematic.html

14C abundance: 1 part per trillion

38

Chemical structure:

Bio-based carbon and fossil carbon:

Allocation of total bio-based content:

Biomass material balance:

67% bio-based

57% bio-based

42% bio-based

Synthesis

Option 4:

Option 5:

Option 6:www.chimieduvegetal.com/pageLibre000110dd.asp

Chemical structure:

Bio-based carbon and fossil carbon:

Allocation of total bio-based content:

Biomass material balance:

67% bio-based

57% bio-based

42% bio-based

Synthesis

Option 4:

Option 5:

Option 6:

Which logo do you prefer?

\

Choose the method of bio-based content calculation:

Bio-based carbon:

Atom connectivity:

Material balance:

X 42

X 62

X 52

Must be a 2 in this cell(if you chose 1 you’ve missed your chance!)

USA (4a) Germany (4b)

beaninthebottlevanilla.com/history-of-vanilla/

vv

vv

+ ethylene(naphtha)

Origin (13C): Vanilla pods / wood & essential oilsBio-based carbon content (14C): 100% / 88%Biomass content (all methods): 100% / 81%

Feedstock certification -

{Bio-based content of product

42

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10

δ2H

/‰

δ13C /‰

Lignin

Natural

Synthetic

Natural extracted vanillinMade from guaiacol

M. Greule et al., Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2010, 231, 933.

43

Certification benefits:• Stimulates socio-economic and environmental

improvement• Ensures a minimum quality and consistency• Promotes permanent, premium price contracts with

farmers and guarantees a market

Certification burdens:• Expensive for small growers• Confusion because of different claims are allowed

depending on the contents (e.g. “organic” when >95% of the ingredients comply but “made with organic ingredients” when it is >70%)

• ‘Organic’ and ‘fairtrade’ ≠ sustainable

news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=186789www4.ncsu.edu/~lkberlam/World_Forestry/EC regulation1334/2008 on flavourings and certain food ingredients with flavouring properties for use in and on foods (16/12/2008)

Certification benefits:• Stimulates socio-economic and environmental

improvement• Ensures a minimum quality and consistency• Promotes permanent, premium price contracts with

farmers and guarantees a market

Certification burdens:• Expensive for small growers• Confusion because of different claims are allowed

depending on the contents (e.g. “organic” when >95% of the ingredients comply but “made with organic ingredients” when it is >70%)

• ‘Organic’ and ‘fairtrade’ ≠ sustainable

news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=186789www4.ncsu.edu/~lkberlam/World_Forestry/EC regulation1334/2008 on flavourings and certain food ingredients with flavouring properties for use in and on foods (16/12/2008)

Choose the origin of the aroma molecule vanillin:

Natural vanillin:

Synthetic vanillin:

X 1XX

X 2XX

You have made abio-based shampoo!

“Lovely smell but disappointing” –Anonymous (Boots.com review)

reviews.boots.com/2111-en_gb/854422/ogx-organix-soft-silky-vanilla-silk-shampoo-384-5ml-reviews/reviews.htm

46

Biomass

Petrochemicals

IngredientsIntermediates

Product Intermediates

Europe: Bio-based carbon content is calculated on the basis of total carbon contentUSA: Bio-based carbon content is calculated on the basisof organic carbon only (allowing for higher values)

If the biomass input ever dips to 0%, the product cannot certified by ‘material balance’ methods of total bio-based content

Certification can only be generated if the formulation ingredients are certified

If the value of bio-based carbon in the product/intermediate varies, it cannot be certified using ‘bio-based carbon content’

Biomass can be certified as sustainable with no lower limit on the amount of biomass used

47

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Sustainable [x11x] Acquired sustainability (book and claim) [x13x]Maximum fossil resource savings [1121]Consistent bio-based carbon content (USA can give a better result) [424(a)1]Consistent total bio-based content [4251]Maximum biomass input without ever dipping to 0% [3261]Natural vanilla is indeed ‘natural’ and increases bio-based content [xxx1]

48

49

Vanilla pod price: www.datamyne.com/imports/vanilla-price-watch/Vanilla extract relative mass: www.bostonvanillabeans.com/bettervanillabean.htmSynthetic vanillin price: cen.acs.org/articles/92/i6/Following-Routes-Naturally-Derived-Vanillin.htmlGreen product market: J. C. Blad, EcoChem 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bjJ_EppQTs

Ethylene price: www.platts.com/news-feature/2014/petrochemicals/pgpi/ethyleneSugarcane price (US): FAOSTAT (faostat.fao.org)Ethylene from sugar derived ethanol: www.accessscience.com/content/ethylene-from-bioethanol/BR0120141Sugarcane ethanol productivity: www.shell.com/global/environment-society/environment/climate-change/biofuels-alternative-energies-transport/biofuels/raizen/sugar-cane-to-ethanol-animation/accessible.htmlWheat straw price: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/361933/commodityprices-hay-09oct14.xlsCellulosic ethanol price: J. D. Kerstetter, Wheat Straw for Ethanol Production in Washington: A Resource, Technical, and Economic AssessmentRapeseed oil price: www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,538,2035,14053

Natural vanillin (extract is 2% of bean)20 kg = £12,500

Synthetic vanillin (petrochemical)20 kg = £125

People will pay 10% more for ‘green’ goods – not usually

10000%!

50

14%surfactant

priceincrease

People will pay 10% more for ‘green’ goods

5%surfactant

priceincrease

Assuming allfatty acids are suitable!

(sources on previous slide)

sodium laureth sulphate50 kg (dry mass) = £150 ~terrible estimate!

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\Click on a code to see the claims and certificates

51

James Sherwoodjames.sherwood@york.ac.uk

1 111

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 211

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 121

Feedstock certified = 60% renewable Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

Highest biomass

feedstock quantity

return

1 221

Feedstock certified = 48% renewableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 131

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 231

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 2

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 38% bio-based carbonIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 42% bio-based

carbon in USA

4a (USA) or 4b (EU) 1

return

1 24a (USA) or 4b (EU)2

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based carbon (EU)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 38% bio-based

carbon in USA

return

1 152

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

30

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 252

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 31% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

30

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 162

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

1 262

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 31% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 111

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 211

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 121

Feedstock certified = 58% renewable Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 221

Feedstock certified = 46% renewableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 131

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 231

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 142

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 38% bio-based carbonIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

4a (USA) or 4b (EU) 1

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 42% bio-based

carbon in USA

return

2 242

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based carbonIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

4a (USA) or 4b (EU) 2

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 38% bio-based

carbon in USA

return

2 152

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

30

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 252

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 31% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

30

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 162

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

2 262

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 31% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 111

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 211

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 121

Feedstock certified = 58% renewable Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 221

Feedstock certified = 45% renewableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 131

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 231

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 142

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 38% bio-based carbonIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

4a (USA) or 4b (EU) 1

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 42% bio-based

carbon in USA

return

3 242

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based carbonIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

4a (USA) or 4b (EU) 2

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 38% bio-based

carbon in USA

return

3 152

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 35% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

30

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 252

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 31% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

30

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

3 162

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 49% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

Highest biomass material balance

value

return

3 262

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 45% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 111

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 211

Feedstock certified = SustainableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 121

Feedstock certified = 55% renewable Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 221

Feedstock certified = 43% renewableBio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 131

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 231

Feedstock certified = Offset ‘sustainable’

Bio-based = Not statedIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 142

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 59% bio-based carbonIngredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

Highest bio-based

carbon value

4a (USA) or 4b (EU) 1

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 65% bio-based

carbon in USA

return

4 242

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 56% bio-based carbonIngredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

4a (USA) or 4b (EU) 2

If the ‘other things’ are inorganic: 62% bio-based

carbon in USA

return

4 152

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 52% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

Highest total bio-

based content value

return

4 252

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 48% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

45

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 162

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 47% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return

4 262

Feedstock certified = Not statedBio-based = 43% bio-based (total mass)Ingredients = Not natural

Feedstockcertification:

50

Bio-based carboncertification:

Total bio-based contentcertification:

Natural productcertification:

Characteristics

EC 1334/2008 US FDA 21 CFR 101.22

return