Application of Remote Sensing in AgricultureBy - UTTAM KUMAR

29/09/2015 1

INTRODUCTION Remote sensing has been found to be a valuable

tool in evaluation, monitoring and management of land, water and crop resources. The launching of the Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS) has enhanced the capabilities for better utilization of this technology and significant progress has been made in soil and land cover mapping, land degradation studies, monitoring of waste land, assessment of crop conditions crop acreage and production estimates (Das, 2000).

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HISTORY • In ancient India apparently had a clear concept

of remote sensing. For instance epic ‘Maha Bharata’ Sanjaya had been endowed, presumably with some equipment which enabled him to report (in real time) all the events at the distant “Kurukshetra” battle field, whether they were open or camouflaged and occurred in day or by night.

• In recent times, Frenchman Mr. Tournachen took photographs for the first time from a balloon which floated over Paris in 1858. cont…

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• The term “Remote sensing” was first used in 1961

when U.S. Naval project on the study of Aerial

photographs was renamed as “remote sensing”.

• The application of remote sensing technology to

agriculture and forestry was presented in couple of

papers in 1968 at the occasion of U.N. conference on

peaceful uses of on the space uses and the first satellite

in remote sensing technology was launched in July

1972 in U.S.A. In India the remote sensing activities

initiated in 1969. SKRAU, Bikaner

•“is the measurement or acquisition of information of some property of an object or phenomena by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object or phenomena under study”

What is remote sensing:

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Basic principleDifferent objects based on their structural , chemical and physical properties reflect or emit different amount of energy in different wave length ranges of the E.M.S •The sensors measure the amount of energy reflected from that object .

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SCALE IN REMOTE SENSING

1. small scale : 1cm=5km or more

2. Inter mediate scale : 1cm=0.5 to 5km

3. Large scale : 1cm=0.5km or less

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ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF REMOTE SENSING

1. Signals from a source/light2. Sensors on a plate form 3. Sensing (Signal reception, storage,

processing, information extraction and decision making)

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Components of Remote Sensing process

Earth Surface

Sourceof Energy

Sensing Systems

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The remote sensing processThe remote sensing process

Visual

Digital

Reference data

Air photos

Digital data

Maps

Statistics

GIS datasets

User

DecisionMaker

Data products

Inter-pretation

Informationproducts

Targetaudience

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SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNATIC RADIATION.

1.Natural body (sun, earth)

2.Man made source(redar, lidar system)

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TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING

1.Passive remote sensing

2.Active remote sensing

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When remote sensing work is carried out with the help of electromagnetic radiation (signals) reflected by a natural body(sun and the earth). eg.visible, near infra red and microwave remote sensing.

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When remote sensing work is carried out with a man made source of radiations which is used to illuminate a body and to defect the signal reflected form eg. Radar and lidar remote sensing

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Visible Light

Near infrared

Mid infrared

Thermal infrared

Ultrav io let (U

V)

Microw

ave

TV and radio

X r ays

rays

blue

gree

n

redUV near

infrared

110-110-210-310-410-510-6 10410310210 107106105

wavelength (m) wavelength (m)

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 m

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COLLECTION OF DATA:

1.GROUND OBSERVATION PLATFORMS

Eg; Tripod stand , man

2. AIR BORNE OBSERVATIONS

Eg: BALLONS , AIRCRAFTS , DRONES

3. SPACE BORNE OBSERVATIONS Eg: SATELLITE

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SATELLITE TYPES :

1. Natural : Moon 2. Artificial:

GEOSTATIONARY Eg : INSAT series

SUN SYNCHROUNOUS

Eg : IRS, SPOT, LANDSAT..

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05/03/23 SKRAU, Bikaner 18

Factors that Influence Soil

Reflectance in Remote Sensing:

1. Mineral composition,

2. Soil moisture,

3. Organic matter content and

4. Soil texture (surface)

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES:

1.AGRICULTURE2.FORESTRY3.WATER RESOURSES4.DETECTION OF WATER POLUTION5. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL SOURSES6. MAPPING OF LAND USE / LAND COVER7.MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS8.WEATHER AND CLIMATIC RELATED APPLICATIONS9. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 10. HUMAN INDUCED GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

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Applications in agriculture1. Crop identification

2. Crop acreage estimation

3. Crop condition assessment and stress detection

4. Identification of planting and harvesting dates

5. Crop yield modeling and estimation

6. Identification of pest and disease infestation

7. Soil moisture estimation

8. Irrigation monitoring and management

9. Soil mapping

10. Monitoring of droughts

11. Land cover and land degradation mapping

12. Identification of problematic soils

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Table 1 Area under wasteland in India as estimated by using Remote sensing techniques (NASA, 1985)

Category Area (million hectare)

(A) Cultivable wasteland

I Salt affected lands 3.90

ii Gullies or ravines lands 4.32

iii Water logged land 0.89

iv Undulating land 10.79

v Shifting cultivation and forest blank 2.40

vi Sandy areas 10.53

(B) Uncultivated wasteland

i Bassin hill ridge or rock out map 2.75

ii Snow covered area 17.70

Total 53.28

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Forms of agricultural remote sensing:Forms of agricultural remote sensing:

OperationalOperational

StrategicStrategic

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Strategic Agricultural Remote SensingStrategic Agricultural Remote Sensing : :

• Involves large areas

• Concerned with overall crop estimates

• Province of states and large companies

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Operational Agricultural Remote SensingOperational Agricultural Remote Sensing

•Involves single farms or even fieldsInvolves single farms or even fields

•Concerned with day to day managementConcerned with day to day management

•Involves individual farmersInvolves individual farmers

•Cost and timeliness Cost and timeliness

•Light aircraft/ videographyLight aircraft/ videography

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SERIES OF SATELLITES FOR REMOTE SENSING :

LAND SAT, IKONOS, QUICKBIRD U.S.A

SEO (Bhaskara-1), IRS INDIA

SPOT FRANCE

ERS-1 U.K

JERS-1 JAPAN

RADAR SAT-1 CANADA

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Table 2 IDENTIFICATION INDICATORS : (HOW TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT OBJECTS)

EARTH SURFACE FEATURE COLOUR SIGNATUREFOREST GREEN

AGRICULTURE LAND PINK/ BRIGHT RED

HEALTHY VEGETATION BROAD LEAF TYPENEEDLE LEAF TYPE

RED TO MAGENTAREDISH BROWN TO PURPLE

STRESSED VEGETATION PRE –VISUAL STAGE

VISUAL STAGEPINK – BLUE

CYAN

WATER DARK BLUE -BLACK

WATER WITH SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS LIGHT BLUE

UNCULTIVATED LAND BLUE /WHITE

RED SOIL YELLOW

DAMP GROUND DISTINCT DARK TONES

SAND DUNES YELLOW / WHITE

CITY/ TOWN BLUE

CLOUD/ SNOW WHITE

SHADOW BLACK WITH A FEW VISIBLE DETAILS

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WEST BENGAL

SAC, ISRO(2002)SKRAU, Bikaner

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PROBLEMS ON REMOTE SENSING FOR INDIAN CONDITION

SMALL SIZE OF PLOTS

DIVERSITY OF CROPS SOWN IN A PARTICULAR AREA

VARIABILITY OF SOWING & HARVESTING DATES IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

INTER CROPPING & MIXED CROPPING PRACTICES

EXTENSIVE CLOUD COVER DURING THE RAINY SEASON

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CONCLUSION :

Useful for crop identification, crop diversification, yield estimation and yield prediction.

To solve the problems through identification of pests and diseases.

Sustainable utilization of land resources.

To select the crops for optimum ground water utilization and increase the crop production and productivity

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