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Order catariodactyla shared by Abdul Qahar Buneri
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Presented to: Sir Zaheer Ahmad Presented by: Zeeshan Amin Rashid ullah Najib ullah
Topic: order Cetartiodactyla
The even-toed ungulates are the most successful group of
large herbivores on earth today Artiodactyls found in every zoogeographic region (including
several species on Sulawesi and other islands in the Australasian region);
Many species have been introduced into areas outside of their natural range, including Australia, New Guinea, and the islands of Oceania.
The approximately 240 ungulate members of this order show incredible diversity in size, form, dietary preferences, and climatic tolerance. This order contains the majority of domesticated mammal species, including cattle, reindeer, camels, pigs, goats, and sheep.
Order Cetartiodactyla
Scientific classification
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: ArtiodactylaFamily: CamelidaeTribe: CameliniGenus: CamelusSpecie: bactrianus
Ungulates
Diversity Cetartiodactyla is a group comprised of two
orders
These orders are Artiodactyla, even-toed ungulates, including animals such as cows (Bovi dae), camels (Camelidae), and deer (Cervidae),
and Cetacea, a group of mammals that are highly specialized for an aquatic lifestyle, including
baleen whales and toothed whales. Re cent molecular evidence suggests that Cetacea
evolved from artiodactyl ancestors, making Artiodactyla non-monophyletic unless Cetacea is
included.
Cetartiodactyls are found the world over, from north of the Arctic
Circle to the waters sur rounding Antarctica. Artiodactyls are native to all continents except Antarctica and Aus
tralia, and some artiodactyls are domesticated and have been introduced around the world by humans.
Cetaceans inhabit all of the world's oceans and some freshwater lakes and rivers in South America, North America, and Asia.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic ( introduced , native ) ; palearctic ( introduced , native ) ; oriental ( introduced , native ) ; ethiopian ( introduced , native ) ; neotropical ( introduced , native ) ; australian ( introduced ) ; arctic ocean ( native ) ; indian ocean ( native ) ; atlantic ocean ( native ) ; pacific ocean ( native ) ; mediterranean sea ( native )
Other Geographic Terms: holarctic ; cosmopolitan
Geographic Range
Habitat
Most artiodactyls live entirely on land and reside in a range of terrestrial habitats, such as savannah, forest, mountains, desert, and farmland.
One artiodactyl family, Hippopotamidae, is semi-aquatic and can be found in freshwater lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers. Cetaceans, on the other hand, are exclusively aquatic and inhabit the world's oceans, as well as some freshwater rivers and streams.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; polar ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater
Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; taiga ; desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest ; mountains
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; lakes and ponds ; rivers and streams ; coastal Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; riparian ; estuarine
Habitat
Physical Description highly specialized for their aquatic lifestyle, they bear little resem blance to their artiodactyl ancestors. They have nearly hairless, fusiform bodies. There skulls are highly modified so that the nares are located on the top of the
head. On the other hand, most artio dactyls are specialized for cursorial locomotion, with long, hoofed limbs, and they lack the extreme aquatic specializations found in cetaceans.
Large body size,Blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus, are the largest animals on earth, growing over 27 meters in length and weighing over 190,000 kg,
whereas the smallest artiodactyl, the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), is just 45 cm long and weighs 2 kg.
Exhibit sexual dimor phism, with males larger than females or vice versa. Male artiodactyls often bear antlers or large horns, and some male
cetartiodactyls
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic ; bilateral symmetry Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike ; female larger ; male larger ; ornamentation
Physical Description
Reproduction
Cetartiodactyls are monogamous, polyandrous, polygynandrous, or polygynous. Polygyny, in which social groupings consist of adult females and their young and one or a few adult males, is a common cetartiodactyl strategy. It occurs in species as different as elk (Cervus ela phus) and killer whales (Orcinus orca).
Sexual dimorphism in ornamentation (such as antlers) and body size indicates intense male-male competition for mates in many species.
Reproduction
Mating System : monogamous ; polyandrous ;
polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Giving birth to just one or two young every one or two years. However, some members of the family Suidae may have 12 or more young at a time.
Breeding may be either seasonal or year-round. Age at sexual maturity varies widely as well,
from 5 months to more than 10 years.
Mating System
Lifespan/Longevity
Cetartiodactyls are relatively long-lived mammals. Most species live for at least a decade in the wild,
and captivity usually prolongs life expectancy by several years.
Cetaceans are espe cially long-lived; 116-year-old fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) have been reported from the wild and bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) may live up to 200 years.
Lifespan
Communication and Perception
through visual, tactile, auditory, and chemical means. Terrestrial cetartio dactyls often communicate with scent; many
species, such as those in the family Cervidae, have specialized glands for doing so. Communication in cetaceans is accomplished largely by sound, as sound waves travel well in water,may travel for hundreds of kilometers, allowing individuals to communi cate with one another over great distances.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical Other Communication Modes: scent marks Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; echolocation ;
chemical
Communication
Food Habits
As a group, cetartiodactyls consume a wide array of terrestrial and aquatic food items. Most artiodactyls are herbivores, consuming grass, leaves, bark, and other plant parts. Those in the family Suidae are omnivorous, and eat small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects and other invertebrates, fruit, bulbs, rhizomes, fungi, carrion, and bird eggs. Cetaceans consume plankton, fish, squid, crustaceans, and aquatic birds and mammals (including other cetaceans.
Primary Diet: carnivore ( eats terrestrial vertebrates , piscivore , eats eggs , insectivore , eats non-insect arthropods , molluscivore , scavenger ) ; herbivore ( folivore , frugivore , lignivore ) ; omnivore ; planktivore ; mycophage
Food Habits
Predation
Artiodactyls are an important food source for many large mammalian carnivores, notably fe lids, canids, and ursids. Cetaceans, on the other hand, have few natural predators, save other cetaceans (killer whales, Orcinus orca), sharks, and occasionally walruses (Odobenus ros marus). Group living ("safety in numbers") and camouflage are two defenses often employed by cetartiodactyls against predation.
Predation
Conservation Status
Currently, the IUCN classifies 54 cetartiodactyl species as data deficient, 146 as lower risk, 40 as vulnerable, 32 as endangered, 14 as critically endangered, 7 as extinct, and 2 as extinct in the wild.
Conservation Status
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Cetartiodactyls are of immense economic importance to humans. They have been hunted for thousands of years, for food, for sport, and for various body parts. They are important for ecotourism.
Several artiodactyl species have been domesticated for thousands of years and are used to produce meat, milk, leather and wool, and their dung is used as a fertilizer. Cetaceans are sometimes kept in captivity and taught to perform tricks. Many cetartio dactyls are the focus of research programs that help us to better understand many aspects of evolution, physiology, and behavior.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material ; ecotourism ; research and education ; produces fertilizer
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Artiodactyls, especially domesticated species, sometimes carry diseases that are transmissi ble to humans or other domestic animals. Wild artiodactyls sometimes interfere with farm ing operations by eating crops.
Negative Impacts: injures humans ( carries human disease ) ; crop pest ; causes or carries domestic animal disease
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
