Leisure Centres

Heat Pumps, Dehumidifiers,

Heat Recovery & Indoor Pools

Agenda

Company Profile

What is a heat pump?

How do they work?

Leisure Centres - Setting the Scene

Air Source Heat Pumps

• Space heating and hot water

• Outdoor Pools

• Space cooling and waste heat recovery

Heat Pump Dehumidifiers

• Indoor Pools & Heat Recovery

Heat Pump

Dehumidifiers AW Heat Pumps

• UK manufacturer and market leader

in heat pump technology

• Established for over 35 years

• Supplied more Heat pumps in

UK than any other manufacturer

• Manufactured over 250,000 heat pumps to date

• Based at 80,000 sq ft facility in Maldon Essex

• Currently producing circa 10,000 units pa

• Export circa 65% of finished goods

Calorex Profile

Calorex

Heat Pumps

Indoor

Swimming Pools

Environmental Climate

Control Systems.

Heat Recovery

&

Dehumidification

Outdoor

Swimming Pools

Air source

heat pumps

Portable

Equipment

Building Dryers

Air Conditioners

Air Movement

Domestic

Heating

Ground & Air source

Heat pumps

Dehumidification

Dehumidifiers

Humidifiers

Heat Recovery

Calorex Product

Applications

Services

• Calorex are a UK manufacturer

• Free project appraisals - including site visits

• Free sizing advice and product selection

• Commissioning

• Maintenance contracts

• Extended warranty

• Nationwide service network.

• Over 30 service agents covering UK & Ireland

Subject Matter

• Public pools & leisure centres

• Large Indoor pools

• High energy use

• High running costs

• High carbon emissions

• Dehumidification & ventilation

• Heat recovery

• Boiler substitution – replacement or bi-valent

• Case studies

South Moorlands

Leisure Centre

Setting the Scene

• Large number of Leisure Centres 20-30 yr old

• Existing AHUs often use full fresh air

• Energy use in Leisure Centre with pools is high

• Energy costs rising

• Need to find ways of reducing running cost

• Associated CO2 emissions

• Environmental impact

• Carbon footprint

• Best practice

Benchmarks - Dry v Wet

Annual Energy

Use (kWh/m2)

Dry Sports Centre

Leisure Pool Centre

Typical Good

Practice

Typical Good

Practice

Electricity 105 64 258 164

Heating Fuel 343 158 1321 573

Ref: ECG078

Benchmarks Leisure Centre with Pools

• Total Area = 2500m2 (pool hall 1090m2)

• Pool Area = 540m2

Leisure Centre

with Pools

Annual Energy Use (kWh/m2)

Typical Good Practice

Electricity 258 164

Heating Fuel 1321 573

Costs £119,250 £59,800

CO2 905 tonne 448 tonne

Energy Use

Leisure Centre with Pool

Energy Use

Leisure Centre with Pool 2 main uses of energy

• Air Heating 42%

– Ventilation and building losses

• Water heating 17%

– evaporation, back wash & dilution

• Potential for 50% reduction in air heating and pool water

energy use

• Potential to reduce energy use of centre by 29.5%

• Reduction in running costs

• Reduction in associated CO2 emissions

Air to Water (Air Source)

Heat Pumps

Heat Pumps can be utilised to provide:-

• Space heating

• Hot water for domestic usage, e.g. bathing, dish

washing etc

• Pool water heating – outdoor & indoor

• Space cooling

• Heat recovery

What is a heat pump?

• A heat pump is a thermodynamic device capable of recovering energy from one medium, enhancing it and transferring it to another

• Heat pumps are usually based on a refrigeration cycle

• They are often viewed as a ‘fridge in reverse’

• Unlike refrigerators the primary aim of a heat pump is to provide heating

What is a Heat Pump?

Air Source

Electricity in Heat out

2 kW

8 kW

6 kW

Solar energy from the

air/earth

COP = Energy Out

Energy In

e.g. 8 kW Heat out

2 kW Electricity In

COP = 4 or Efficiency = 400%

Coefficient of Performance

COP = Coefficient of

Performance

COP = Total Heat Output

Energy Consumed

Space Heating

• Range of commercial heat pumps available

• Heat outputs up to 70kW

• Replace or supplement boilers

• Simple controls, reliable operation

Hot Water Production

• Heat Pumps can produce water at up to 70oC

• Hot water can be used directly or to pre-heat incoming mains water

• Energy can be taken form ambient air

• Energy can be taken from an internal space to recover waste heat

• Can be used in conjunction with, or to replace boiler

• Can be used in conjunction with solar energy

Outdoor Pool

• Pool water heated directly

• Titanium heat exchangers

• Ideal for summer time use

Also applicable to pool water

heating for indoor pool

Running Cost Savings

Source:- EON

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Fuel C

ost (

£ p

a)

Average Annual Fuel Cost Comparison -Domestic 100m2 New Build (underfloor heating) - (Mar. 2010)

Maintenance

Space Htg

HWS

Cooking

Ltg.+Pwr

Possible

Savings

v Gas - 20%

v Oil - 35%

v LPG - 50%

v Solid - 60%

v Elec - 70%

Carbon Emissions Savings

Source:- EON

Comparison of Average Annual CO2 Emissions - 100m2 New Build (underfloor heating) - (Mar. 2010)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000

7500

8000

8500

9000

9500

10000

10500

11000

11500

12000

GSHP

GSHP(E

7)

ASHP

ASHP (E7)

Electric

Elec.(E

7)

Gas

(Con

d)

Gas O

il

LPG

Solid

Annual C

O2 E

mis

sio

ns (k

g)

Space Htg

HWS

Cooking

Ltg.+Pw r

Possible

Savings

v Gas - 25%

v Oil - 40%

v LPG - 40%

v Elec - 60%

v Solid - 70%

Space Cooling

Applications

– Cellar cooling

– Kitchen cooling

– Walk in fridge

• Primary goal to cool space

• Either for comfort cooling or to maintain

a storage temperature

• Waste heat is dissipated to hot water

circuit

• No external refrigeration condenser

required

• Sized and controlled on cooling demand

• Ideal for high latent energy cooling loads

Waste Heat Recovery

• Primary use to recover waste heat

from an overheated area

• Waste energy is transformed into

useful heat

• Hot water is produced

• Pre-heats buffer tank prior to

calorifiers

• Cooling stops when water up to

temperature

• Sized and controlled on hot water

usage

Benefits of Heat Pumps

• Running cost saving

– Dependant on replaced energy

• Payback less than 3 years

– Cooling and waste heat recovery applications

• Significant Carbon savings

– Up to 50% reductions possible

– Helps to achieve carbon reduction targets

• Reduced maintenance costs

– No boiler servicing

• Grants, loans and subsidies available

Public Swimming Pools

Municipal Pools and Leisure Centres

• Large surface area

• High usage

• Long hours

• Additional water features

• Large number of occupants

• Spectators

Fundamental Requirements

for Pool Complexes

• WATER HEATING

Replenish pool water heat losses

• AIR HEATING

Replenish/maintain pool air above pool temperature

• DEHUMIDIFICATION

Remove moisture from pool hall air

• FRESH AIR

Ventilate at minimum acceptable rates

• HEAT RECOVERY

Use available latent heat

Dehumidification

Affects of Uncontrolled Humidity

• Condensation

• Damage to building

• Structural damage

• Damage to fabric, fixtures and fittings

• Mildew and mould growth

• Personal discomfort

What do indoor

swimming pools require?

1. A pool temperature of between 28ºC and 30ºC to make swimming pools suitable for swimmers

2. Pool hall air at 1ºC above pool temperature to minimise evaporation of pool water

to minimise transmission loss to air to provide a comfortable condition for occupants

3. Relative Humidity of 55-65%RH to prevent condensation and damage to building to provide a comfortable condition for occupants

4. Fresh Air Ventilation at 10 litres/sec/person or

3 litres/sec/m2 pool area Dilute CO2 build up reduce airborne chemical build up

Fresh Air Requirements

• Number of guides state ventilation rates based on air

change rates in the pool hall

• Traditionally based on using fresh air for dehumidification • CIBSE Guide B2, section 3.21.7

Overall 4-6 or 8-10 ac/h dependant on use

Fresh Air at 10 l/s/m2 pool hall area & 12 l/s/pers

• SPATA Standard Vol 2, section 3

Fresh Air at 10 l/s/pers & 3 l/s/m2 pool area for dilution of CO2 and

chemicals

• ISRM & ILAM – advice based on air changes

• Any fresh air introduced will need to be heated

• Should be kept to a minimum for occupancy & dilution only

Heat Losses from a Pool

There are three major sources of heat loss

• Evaporation from pool – 65%

• Radiation – 20%

• Conduction into ground – 15%

Note

Use of a pool Cover will significantly reduce the heat losses from a pool and therefore the heat input required

Typical Swimming Pool

Losses

• At 28ºC a pool loses an average of 20 litres/hour

per 100 square metres of pool area

• For a 6 lane 25m standard pool, area 325sqm, this

equates to 65 litres per hour

• The energy content of this moisture is 0.627kWh

per litre

• This equates to 65 x 0.677 = 44kW available to be

recovered

• Recovering this energy will make a significant

contribution to the pool energy usage

Dehumidification Systems

There are several types of dehumidification systems

available:-

• 100% Fresh air

• Fresh air and heat recovery

• Partial re-circulation

• Mechanical dehumidifier

• Heat pump dehumidifier

Some offer heat recovery

100% Full Fresh Air

100% Full Fresh Air

• Simple supply and extract AHU

• No heat recovery

• Large air heater battery to maintain pool hall

temperature

• All moisture and heat exhausted

• Approx 6-8 air changes required to give sufficient

dehumidification at peak ambient dew point

• Many existing pools still using this type

100% Full Fresh Air

Recuperator

• 100% fresh air, no recirculation

• Heat recovery with plate heat exchanger

• 50-60% efficiency

• At what condition?

• Supply air at -5oC and extract air at 30oC

• Possible modulation of air flow volume to suit duty; eg

lower air flow at night

• Also used; run round coils & rotary wheels

Run-around Coils

Rotary Wheel

ss ss

ss

ss ss

ss

ss ss

Recuperator &

Recirculation

Recuperator &

Recirculation

• Recirculation to give fixed air flow volume

• Fresh air volume modulated to suit DH duty

• Minimum fresh air approx 30% of day time duty during

night time operation

• Heat recovery with plate heat exchanger

• Heat recovery to air only

• Up to 75% efficiency claimed for double pass recuperator

• At what condition? Inlet -5oC, extract 30oC?

• Little or no latent heat recovery

Recuperator & Heat Pump

Recuperator & Heat Pump

• Heat pump added after recuperator

• Additional heat recovery

• Some latent heat recovery

• Only used on exhaust air

• No heat recovery on by-pass path

• Heat recovery by-passed in summer

• Can offer option of heat recovery to water

Desiccant Fresh Air

Inlet

Heater

Heater

Pool Hall

Wet Air

Exhaust

Exhaust

Air

Desiccant

• Uses desiccant dehumidifier to do some DH duty

• Fresh air modulated to suit extra duty required

• Fresh air can be reduced to minimum during

unoccupied periods

• No heat recovery to air or water

• Heat gain through rotor only 50% of regeneration heater

energy use

• Pay twice to evaporate water. Once for pool heating &

then for regen heater to evaporate from desiccant rotor

• Life of rotor 7-10 years

Calorex Systems

• Based on heat pump dehumidifiers

• Recovery of Latent heat

• Recovered heat returned to air or water

• Air re-circulated

• Fresh air introduced when required

• Units available for all pool sizes from small domestic

to Olympic sized public pools

• Stand alone units to fully packaged AHUs

Calorex HRD System

What is a Heat Pump?

• A heat pump is a thermodynamic device capable of

recovering energy from one medium, enhancing it and

transferring it to another

• Heat pumps are usually based on a refrigeration cycle

• They are often viewed as a ‘fridge in reverse’

• Unlike refrigerators the primary aim of a heat pump is

to provide heating

A Heat Pump is a

fridge in reverse

Types of Heat Pump

• Usually described on basis of mediums between which heat is transferred

• Air to air

• Air to water

• Water to air

• Water to water

• Geothermal or ground source

Heat Pump Cycle

COP = Coefficient of

Performance

COP = Total Heat Output

Energy Consumed

Why use a Heat Pump?

• Recovered energy

• Energy efficient

• Environmentally friendly

• Lower running costs

• Swimming pool water usually at 28-30oC

• Air temp usually 30oC

• Ideal operating conditions for heat pump

• COP of approx 5

• Efficiency 500%

• Subtract fan energy use, efficiency still 300%

Heat Pump Dehumidifier

Calorex Variheat System

Calorex HRD

Calorex HRD

Calorex HRD

Benefits of HRD

• HRD controls air temp, water temp, humidity and fresh air introduction

• Pool hall air re-circulated

• Fresh air modulated to keep to minimum

• Fresh air volume dependant on air temp, humidity or occupancy

(AQ/CO2) sensor

• Fresh air volume of up to 72% of re-circulated volume

• Energy saving due to latent heat recovery

• Heat recovery to water and air

• Heat recovery to water sufficient to make up all of operational pool

water heat losses

• Save 30-40% of running cost compared to recuperator based system

with variable fresh air

• Significant reduction in associated CO2 emissions

Benefits of HRD

• Compact size

• Fully packaged unit including controls

• Controls can be stand alone or utilise local BMS controller

• Smaller LPHW air heater required due to lower fresh air

volumes

• Boiler capacity required therefore reduced compared to

AHU with recuperator

• Associated project costs lower:- • Boiler

• Controls • Plant room space

HRD Kimbolton School

Advantages of Calorex

• Wide product range

• Comprehensive range of options

• Specifically designed for swimming pools

• Established reputation

• High quality and reliability

• Excellent product support, before & after sale

• Continuous product development

• All units factory tested prior to despatch

Case Study

Typical Local Authority Leisure Centre

• Main Pool; 25m x 13m

• Learner pool; 13m x 8.5M

• Deck level type

• Water in main pool at 28oC and learner pool at 30oC

• Air at 30oC & 60%RH

• Pool hall volume; 5000m3

• Municipal use, high activity, 16 hrs per day

• No pool covers

Willowburn Sports and LC

Sizing of Heat Pump

Dehumidifier Dehumidifiers are sized to cope with the average evaporation

from a pool over a 24 hour period and maintain the correct

humidity, usually 60%RH.

Fresh air is used to assist with humidity loads at times of peak

usage

Factors that influence selection are:- • Pool surface area

• Water temperature

• Air temperature

• Pool hall volume

• Building heat losses and gains

• Pool cover

• Usage

• PoolCalc selection programme

PoolCalc

Equipment Selection:-

Calorex

HRD30

Evaporation

Calorex HRD 30 Data

• Airflow = 9.7m3/s (35,000m3/h)

• Power consumption = 44kW

• Heat recovery = 131kW (mode A; 117kW to water & 14kW to air)

• Efficiency = 297%

• Air heater = 210kW

• Size = 4.15m l x 1.75m w x 2.53m h

Energy Analysis

Energy Usage - kWh

Comparative Energy Use per Annum

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

Full Fresh Air Desiccant AHU Recuperator

AHU

Heat Pump

HRD30

En

erg

y U

se -

kW

h p

er

an

nu

m

Gas Regen

Heater

Gas water

heating

Gas air heating

only, building

losses not

included

Electricity

compressors &

fans included

Energy Analysis

Running Costs

Running Cost per Annum

Full Fresh Air

£94,746

Desiccant

AHU

£69,334

Recuperator

AHU

£50,407

Heat Pump

HRD30

£31,885

£-

£10,000

£20,000

£30,000

£40,000

£50,000

£60,000

£70,000

£80,000

£90,000

£100,000

Co

st

per

an

nu

m

Elec = 6.2p/kWh

Gas = 2.4p/kWh

Energy Analysis

CO2 Emissions

CO2 Emissions per Annum

Full Fresh Air

1048

Desiccant

AHU

723

Recuperator

AHU

510

Heat P ump

HRD30

229

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

To

nn

es

CO

2 p

er

an

nu

m

Leisure Centres

• In Britain there are 1,650 public sites with a total of

2,541 pools (source; Leisure Database Company)

• CO2 saving per site when adopting Heat Pump

technology from 281 to 819 tonnes per annum

• A potential UK wide reduction of between 464,000 and

1,350,000 tonnes CO2 per annum

Health Clubs &

School Pools

• There are a further 1,362 private sites with a total of

1,508 pools (source; Leisure Database Company)

• Assume CO2 saving per site is half that of Leisure

Centre, i.e. from 140 to 410 tonnes per annum

• An additional potential UK wide reduction of between

191,000 and 558,000 tonnes CO2 per annum

Reference Projects - UK

• Cally Pool, Islington – HRD30

• St Helens Pool, Huntingdon – HRD15

• Camberwell Baths – HRD25

• William de Ferrers Centre, Essex – HRD20

• RJ & AH Hospital Hydrotherapy Pool – HRD25

• Queens Drive Recreation Centre, Liverpool – HRD20

• Pontypool Leisure Centre – HRD30

• Royal Wolverhampton School – HRD20

• Over 250 HRD units installed in pools, worldwide

• 10,000s of Calorex heat pump ventilation units operating in

pools of all sizes in UK and overseas

Cally Pool, Islington

Running Costs

£64,469

£42,333

£-

£10,000

£20,000

£30,000

£40,000

£50,000

£60,000

£70,000

Energy Cost

Total 08-09

Total 09-10

Reduction: £22,135 in first 7 months or 34%

Project annual reduction: £38,000

CO2 Reduction

513 tonne

335 tonne

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

Total CO2 Emission kg

Total 08-09

Total 09-10

Reduction: 177 tonne in first 7 months or 35%

Project annual reduction: 305 tonne

• GSHP providing LPHW at 50-55oC in place of

conventional boiler

• Output of LPHW coils reduced, usually flow temperature

80oC.

• 40-50% of rated output!!

• Need to check changed capacity against building and

pool heat loads

• Calorex are only company that can offer complete 100%

heat pump only solution for an indoor pool

• Good viable solution, particularly off gas network

Air/Ground Source Heat Pump

with a swimming pool AHU

Ground Source Heat Pump

with a Delta pool AHU

GSHP & Variheat

ASHP & Variheat

GSHP for Indoor Pool

Water Heating

• Operational heat losses of pool made up from recovered energy

if using heat pump heat recovery AHU

• Only water heat load comes from back wash of filters and

dilution for chemical treatment

• Heat up from cold done rarely

• Cost prohibitive to size GSHP for rapid heat up time.

• Limited usage if installed just for limited pool water heat load

• GSHP combined with other loads e.g. pool hall air heating, main

dwelling space heating would be OK

GSHP for Outdoor Pool

• Summer Season; March - October

• Use Air Source Heat Pump; e.g. Calorex PPT range

• COP of GSHP fixed at 4

• COP of ASHP variable from 4 when air at 10oC to 6 with

air at 25oC

• Installation cost of ASHP cheaper than GSHP

• Running cost of ASHP cheaper than GSHP

• Conclusion - Install ASHP

Funding

• Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs) – ETL categories for heat pump dehumidifiers – DT14/16

• Carbon Trust & Siemens interest free loan scheme – Interest free loan over 4 years – Ltd company only

– Payback based on energy saving achieved

– Covers installation costs

• Salix Finance – Loans and grants for public sector

– Can assist Local Authorities with Carbon and energy saving projects

• Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) - commercial – Subsidy based on ‘metered’ renewable heat generated

– <100kW; GSHP 4.7p/kWh for 20 years – current

– ASHP; 1.7p/kWh for 20 years - due summer 2013

Time for a break

Any Questions?