Cornell Silvopasture Systems

Silvopastures: a Pantry and Pharmacy

for Man and Beast

Silvopasturing Conference NY

Nov. 2011 ©Jerry Brunetti

Phytochemistry of Plant Constituents

• Amino Acids

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Polyphenols

• Terpenes

• Sterols

• Alkaloids

Over 80,000

Isolated Plant Compounds

Plant Primary Compounds

• Energy: Sugars, Cellulose, Hemi-cellulose, Fats

(PUFA’s, Mono, EFA’s, Saturated), Starch, Fructans,

Glucans, etc.

• Protein: 50,000 Different Kinds (22 Amino Acids)

• Minerals: Macro (Ca, Na, Cl, P, K, Mg, S); Micro (B,

Cr, Se, I, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu, Mo, Vn, Si)

• Vitamins: (A, D, E & K), B-Complex and Ascorbate

Plant Secondary Metabolites

•Terpenes: (Carotenoids, Essential Oils) 25,000

- Protect Chlorophyll from U.V.

- Pest Resistance

•Phenolics: (e.g. Tannins, Lignin) 8,000 -Builds Organic Matter

-Protection from Environmental Extremes including Flavonoids

•Alkaloids: 8,000 -Pest Resistance

-Germination Rates,

-Drought Tolerance

Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defense

• Grazing Animals (tannins,

essential oils, alkaloids)

• Ultra Violet Radiation

• Bacteria, Fungi, Virus

• Defense Against Competing

Plants (walnuts)

• Vulnerable Fruits & Younger

Tissue are higher in PSM’s

Plant Secondary Metabolites as Attractants

Color to Attract

Pollinators

Perfume to Attract

Pollinators

Molecular Signals to

Promote Colonization

by Mycorrhizae and

Rhizobia

Pollinators

• Hundreds of Thousands! – Bats, mosquitoes, mice, ants, opossums, bees, monkeys,

beetles, flies, lizards, birds, butterflies, flying foxes

– <6% are identified

– Species of Pollinators

• 1,500 Birds

• 15,000 Wasps

• 40,000 Bees

• 20,000 Butterflies

• 14,000 Flies

• 200,000 Beetles

• 165 Bats

• 300 miscellaneous mammals

Anti-Pest Exudates

Root Volatiles

• Attract enemies of root feeding pests

Eg: Sesquiterpene B-caryophyllene attracts nematode

(Hetero rhabditis megadis) attacks beetle larvae

(diabrotica virgifera)

Atmospheric Volatiles

• Atmospheric volatiles warn neighbors gene expression

• Produce repellents, intoxicants against enemies

• Attract seed dispersers and pollinators

UNIVERSTIY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

FORESTRY RESEARCH

Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced

by Damage: Evidence for Communication

Between Plants

Ian Baldwin; Jack Schultz: Science, July 15, 1983, Vol. 221 pp

277-279

Maple Leaf

Poplar Leaf

Elephant Feeding on Mopane Trees (Colophospermum mopane)

Giraffes Feeding on

Acacias

Herbivores Consume Bulk as 3-7 Plants/Meal

Herbivores “Nibble” on 50-100 Plants per Day

Resource Rich Environments • Organic Matter,

Nutrients, Water, Sunlight

• Promote Plants with High Levels of Primary Compounds and Moderate Levels of Secondary Compounds

• Positively Influence the Flavor, Color, Quality, of Meat & Milk

Resource Poor Environments

(Naturally Occurring)

• Lower Levels

of Primary Compounds

• High Levels of Secondary Compounds

– Deter Feeding by Herbivores

Resource Poor Environments

(Man-Made)

• Lower Levels of some/all Primary Compounds

• Low Levels of Secondary Compounds

• Negative Influence of Flavor, Color, Quality of Meat & Milk

•Attract Highly Specialized Herbivores

•Herbivores Attract Generalist Predators

• Predators Feed on Pests

•Hedgerows Create More Bio-Mass (a.k.a Dry Matter) For

Every Level of Livestock (microbial to ruminant)

British Hedgerows

2,000 years of Biodiversity

• 600 plant species

• 1500 insect species

• 65 bird species

• 20 mammal species

Micro-Climate: Transpiration by Day Dew at night

Position Hedgerows on Higher Ground

-fertility moves down hill

Australian Hedgerows: 50-100 meters wide

The Original Permaculturalist

CARBOHYDRATES

KIND OF

FOOD

REFUSE

%

WATER

%

PROTEIN

% FAT %

SUGARS,

STARCH,

ETC. %

CRUDE

FIBER % ASH %

FUEL

VALUE/ #

Calories

Acorn, fresh 17.80 34.7 4.4 4.7 50.4 4.2 1.6 1265

Almond 47.00 4.9 21.4 54.4 13.8 3.0 2.5 2895

Beechnut 69.90 6.6 21.8 49.9 18.0 3.7 2740

Brazil Nut 49.35 4.7 17.4 65.0 5.7 3.9 3.3 3120

Butternut 86.40 4.5 27.9 61.2 3.4 3.0 3370

Chestnut,

fresh 15.70 43.4 6.4 6.0 41.3 1.5 1.4 1140

Chestnut, dry 23.40 6.1 10.7 7.8 70.1 2.9 2.4 1840

Chestnut

Flour …… 7.8 4.6 3.4 80.5 3.4 1780

Filbert 52.08 5.4 16.5 64.0 11.7 2.4 3100

Hazelnut Meal …… 2.7 11.7 65.6 17.8 2.2 3185

Hickory Nut 62.20 3.7 15.4 67.4 11.4 2.1 3345

Other foods

for

Comparison ……

Beans Dried …… 12.6 22.5 1.8 55.2 4.4 3.5 1650

Potatoes 20.00 78.3 2.2 0.1 18.0 0.4 1.0 385

Apples 25.00 84.6 0.4 0.5 13.0 1.2 0.3 290

Raisins 10.00 14.6 2.6 3.3 73.6 2.5 3.4 1605

Average Composition of Nuts & Other Foods

Copper Content in mg/kg Dry Matter in Leaves & Grass

Sycamore Maple

(Nitrogen accumulator)

7.7

Field Maple 11.2

Birch 12.2

Oak 12.0

Alder (Nitrogen accumulator) 13.6

Elder 12.0

Ash 18.2

Smooth Oat Grass 3.6

Cocksfoot 6.7

Crushed Barley 2.7

Gemmotherapy

• Detoxification

• Drainage

Biological Activity of Bee Propolis in Health & Disease

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Volume 7, 2006, 22-31

• Anti-Bacterial

• Anti-Viral

• Anti-Fungal

• Anti-Inflammatory

• Anti-Parasitical

• Anti-Tumor

• Anti-Ulcer

• Liver Protective

• Brain Protective

• Heart Protective

• Immuno-Stimulant

More than 300 compounds!

Dependent Upon Geography and Time of Year

Filbert Common Paw Paw

Osage Orange Persimmon Kentucky Coffee Tree

Nanking Cherry

Choke Cherry

Buffalo Berry

Sand Cherry

Pear

Apple

Plum

Apricot

Cornelius

Dogwood

Elderberry

Currants

Viburnum

Raspberries

Thornless

Blackberries

Persimmon

Grapes

Riparian Buffers

Silvo Pasturing

Oak Savannah

Environmental Stress Factors

1. Average Minimum Air Temp. (Wind Chill?)

2. Average Maximum Air Temp.

3. Radiant Heat Load (Infra-red?)

4. Hours Above 89°F/29.5°C (Humidity?)

Temperature Thresholds

• At 72°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Slowly

• At 80°F Milk Production Begins to Drop Suddenly

Holsteins & Jerseys will seek shade at 84°F/27°C

• Each Hot (>85°F/27°C) and Muggy (humidity>45%)

Day Reduced Summer Long Steer Gains By 1 lb.

(0.45 Kg)

(Southern Plains Exp. Range, Woodward, OK)

Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution

“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants”

Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards

Hydraulic Lift & Redistribution

“Hydraulic Lift: Consequences of Water Efflux from the Roots of Plants”

Martin Caldwell, Todd Dawson, James Richards

9-18 Gallons per

tree, per Night

Water Harvested @

6’(+) below & “Banked”

for Following Day

Flax Row

Flax Gel

Poplar Row

Poplar Sprout

Fuijoa Row

Fuijoa Flowering

Nettle Curly

ALFALFA Dandelion Lamb's Qtr Chicory Comfrey Plantain Leaf Burdock Cleavers Dock

Protein 20.97% 25.00% 31.70% 19.5 23.7 19.6 25.7 29.0 11.7 32.7

Digestable Protein 14.7 18.5 14.7 20.4 23.5 7.3 26.9

Soluble Protein 4.7 2.7 2.9 4.3 3.9 1.2 1.6

Protein Solubility 50.07% 24.40% 18.10% 24.2 11.4 15.0 16.8 13.4 9.9 4.9

Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 10:1 12:1 8:1 14:1 6:1 4:1 5:1 7:1 15:1

Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 19.20% 15.00% 32.8 29.8 34.1 22.6 25.1 40.6 19.5

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 30.00% 21.90% 46.8 42.2 45.8 34.4 36.5 49.1 44.7

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 229.00% 329.00% 126 145 127 193 177 108 153

TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 80.90% 85.60% 63.5 66.8 64.4 74.5 71.8 57.1 77.8

ME (mcal/lb) 1.33 1.41 1.04 1.10 1.06 1.22 1.18 0.94 1.28

Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 69.9 74.3 54.0 57.0 54.7 64 61.6 48 67.1

NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.85 0.9 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.77 0.75 0.58 0.81

NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.895 0.959 0.648 0.697 0.661 0.806 0.768 0.551 0.853

NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.6 0.655 0.383 0.426 0.394 0.523 0.490 0.295 0.564

Calcium 1.58% 1.04% 1.10% 0.89 2.73 1.84 4.38 2.10 1.3 0.83

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.33% 0.39% 0.31 0.20 0.26 0.41 0.34 0.39 0.37

Potassium 2.05% 4.46% 7.66% 3.59 3.94 2.97 3.01 3.28 2.46 3.53

Magnesium 0.46% 0.26% 0.55% 0.26 0.39 0.17 0.39 0.43 0.25 0.64

Sodium 759ppm 0.04 0.04 0.011 0.005 0.028 0.014 0.020

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.41% 0.43% 0.37 0.27 0.53 0.94 0.90 0.26 0.35

ppm Iron 171 657 91 195 176 83 349 149 70 111

ppm Copper 15 15 8 14 29 12 11 26 13 13

ppm Zinc 30 34 46 43 46 44 40 32 127 38

ppm Manganese 23 35 138 36 192 30 36 47 66 36

ppm Boron 50 30 44 28 42 29 67 32 15 31

Day Lily Day Lily Echinacea Wild Grape Wild Rasp Willow Hazlenut Mulberry Chinese

ALFALFA Leaf Blossom Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Chstnt Lf

Protein 20.97% 20.6 23.4 15.7 22.1 15.2 19.8 14.1 26.2 21.8

Digestable Protein 15.7 18.3 11.1 17.1 10.6 14.9 9.6 20.9 16.7

Soluble Protein 5.4 14.8 1.8 1.2 0.4 1.5 0.7 3.6 14.7

Protein Solubility 50.07% 26.4 63.0 11.4 5.6 2.8 7.5 4.9 13.7 67.7

Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 19:1 20:1 12:1 14:1 16:1 7:1 14:1 17:1 11:1

Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 28.2 17.0 20 19.5 22.6 24.9 20.2 21.5 41.2

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.01% 35.7 23.5 29.3 34.6 43.1 37.6 42.3 34.2 70.9

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 175 299 233 198 154 172 161 197 75

TDN (est.) 63.89% 70.9 83.4 77.3 77.8 74.5 72 77.1 75.7 54.6

ME (mcal/lb) 1.16 1.37 1.27 1.28 1.22 1.18 1.27 1.24 0.9

Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 60.7 72.2 66.6 67.1 64 61.8 66.4 65.1 45.7

NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.74 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.8 0.79 0.55

NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.756 0.929 0.845 0.853 0.806 0.771 0.842 0.823 0.513

NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.479 0.629 0.557 0.564 0.523 0.493 0.555 0.538 0.259

Calcium 1.58% 0.81 0.39 2.57 1.91 0.85 1.45 1.44 3.09 1.37

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.25 0.43 0.25 0.32 0.16 0.23 0.12 0.26 0.2

Potassium 2.05% 2.24 2.17 2.22 0.95 1.6 1.71 0.75 1.85 0.84

Magnesium 0.46% 0.20 0.17 0.88 0.25 0.29 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.37

Sodium 759ppm 0.025 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.011 0.04 0.016 0.015

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.15 0.44 0.16 0.24 0.31

ppm Iron 171 203 86 131 502 100 117 118 154 120

ppm Copper 15 10 22 21 16 18 13 19 12 15

ppm Zinc 30 25 66 32 32 35 105 27 36 61

ppm Manganese 23 54 40 132 89 210 101 373 63 160

ppm Boron 50 49 16 66 31 23 34 28 36 72

•

•

•

•

Mulberry

ALFALFA Leaf

Protein 20.97% 26.2

Digestable Protein 20.9

Soluble Protein 3.6

Protein Solubility 50.07% 13.7

Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio 11:1 17:1

Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 21.5

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.01% 34.2

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 197

TDN (est.) 63.89% 75.7

ME (mcal/lb) 1.24

Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 65.1

NE/Lact (mcal/lb) 0.65 0.79

NE/Maint (mcal/lb) 0.823

NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.538

Calcium 1.58% 3.09

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.26

Potassium 2.05% 1.85

Magnesium 0.46% 0.34

Sodium 759ppm 0.016

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.24

ppm Iron 171 154

ppm Copper 15 12

ppm Zinc 30 36

ppm Manganese 23 63

ppm Boron 50 36

Persimmons

•Great companion fruit to Mulberry

-Drops fruit from August- January

•Grows in all soils

•Fruit = 35% solids (apple = 13%)

•Fruit = 32% sugars (apple = 10%)

•Fruit rich in proteolytic enzymes (papain, bromelain),

potassium, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, beta-

carotene

•

•

Honey Locust Pasture

(Gladitsia triacanthos)

Alabama Ag Experiment Station

Auburn, Alabama 1942-1945

• 48 trees per acre @ 60 lbs pods/tree = 3,000 lbs pods/acre

– Equivalent to 50 bu. Corn or 100 bu. Oats

– Pod sugar content @ 29-39% (sugar beets)

– Protein at 13%

• 2.5 tons of hay/acre as understory crop

•

•

•

ALFALFA Burdock

Protein 20.97% 29.0


Soluble Protein 3.9






TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 71.8

ME (mcal/lb) 1.18




NE/Gain (mcal/lb) 0.490

Calcium 1.58% 2.10




Sodium 759ppm 0.028


ppm Iron 171 149

ppm Copper 15 26

ppm Zinc 30 32

ppm Manganese 23 47

ppm Boron 50 32

Alfalfa

Versus

Burdock

•Tonifying Properties

•Diuretic

•Expectorant

•Restorative

Properties for the

Liver, and

Kidneys

Nettle

ALFALFA Leaf

Protein 20.97% 25.7


Soluble Protein 4.3






TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 74.5

ME (mcal/lb) 1.22

Est. Net Energy (therms/cwt) 64




Calcium 1.58% 4.38




Sodium 759ppm 0.005


ppm Iron 171 349

ppm Copper 15 11

ppm Zinc 30 40

ppm Manganese 23 36

ppm Boron 50 67

•Cleanses the Blood

•Excellent Diuretic

•Tonifying

Properties

•Enhances Hepatic

Function

ALFALFA Dandelion

Protein 20.97% 25.00%

Digestable Protein

Soluble Protein

Protein Solubility 50.07% 24.40%


Acid Detergent Fiber 32.10% 19.20%

Neutral Detergent Fiber 43.61% 30.00%

Relative Feed Value 136.20% 229.00%

TDN (est.) Total Digestible Nutients 63.89% 80.90%

ME (mcal/lb) 1.33





Calcium 1.58% 1.04%

Phosphorous 0.37% 0.33%

Potassium 2.05% 4.46%

Magnesium 0.46% 0.26%

Sodium 759ppm

Sulfur - total 0.31% 0.41%

ppm Iron 171 657

ppm Copper 15 15

ppm Zinc 30 34

ppm Manganese 23 35

ppm Boron 50 30

•

•

•

•

•

•

Willow

ALFALFA Leaf

Protein 20.97% 19.8


Soluble Protein 1.5






TDN (est.) 63.89% 72

ME (mcal/lb) 1.18




NE Gain (mcal/lb) 0.493

Calcium 1.58% 1.45




Sodium 759ppm 0.011


ppm Iron 171 117

ppm Copper 15 13

ppm Zinc 30 105

ppm Manganese 23 101

ppm Boron 50 34

Kiwi Willow Analysis

Dry Basis As Recd

Dry Basis As Recd

% MOISTURE 21.7

% DRY MATTER 78.3

% PROTEIN 20.8 16.3

% AVAILABLE PROTEIN 20.8 16.3

% DIGESTIBLE PROTEIN 15.8 12.4

% ACID DETERGENT

FIBER 32.9 25.7

% NEUTRAL DET. FIBER 40.4 31.7

RFV 146

%TDN 63.5 49.8

ME (MCAL/LB) 1.043 0.817

EST. NET ENERGY

(T/CWT) 53.9 42.3

NE/LACT (MCAL/LB) 0.653 0.512

NE/MAINT (MCAL/LB) 0.648 0.508

NE/GAIN (MCAL/LB) 0.383 0.300

%NDFD 48 Hr, % NDF 39.2 30.7

% CALCIUM 1.42 1.11

% PHOSPHORUS 0.41 0.32

% POTASSIUM 1.53 1.20

% MAGNESIUM 0.16 0.13

IRON PPM 151 119

COPPER PPM 11 9

ZINC PPM 49 38

MANGANESE PPM 29 23

% FAT 3.1 2.5

% ASH 7.4 5.8

% SUGAR 10.8 8.4

RFQ 142

% TDN- Univ. Wis. UW 62.3 48.8

NE/LACT (MCAL/LB) UW 0.639 0.501

MILK LBS./TON OF DM 2,839

% IVTD 74.2 58.2

NSCa 28.2 22.1

4,500 Cuttings/Ha 1,800 Cuttings/ Acre 43,000 SF/AC ÷ 1800 = (1) per 25 square feet

1.5 meter pollard height 6 tons edible dry matter/acre

Mean faecal egg counts (FEC) as eggs/g of faeces for

undrenched lambs on the three forage treatments.

One of three rotations in Browse block

2400 trees/acre

Liveweight gain (LWG; g/day) and final dag score (units).

Salix humboltiana

Salix matsudana

Salix tangoio

Salix kinayanagi

www.hortresearch.co.nz/index/page/549

www.hortresearch.co.nz/projects/fodder

www.hortresearch.co.nz/wprc

“Tree Grower” “Growing Today”

“The Dominion Post” (Jan. & Feb. 2007)

http://www.hortresearch.co.nz/projects/fodder

http://www.hortresearch.co.nz/wprc

Tannins (Phenolics)

• Makes By-Pass Protein – EAA & BCAA Reproductive Efficiency

– Reduces Rumen Ammonia (less BUN/MUN)

– Enhances Immunity

• Resistance Against Internal Parasites

• Alleviates Bloat (binds to proteins in rumen)

• Reduces Methane Production

• Meat is lighter in color

• Meat is higher in anti-oxidants

• Meat is higher in Omega 3

• Meat is lower in “gamey” flavor

Coping with Tannins

• Large increase by Parotid Glands (Salivary) in Monogastrics of

Proline-Rich Proteins (PRP) (Bind Tannins)

– Binds tannins provided there’s enough energy

(carbohydrate) to keep polypeptide chain adhesive to

tannins

– Humans can consume high tannin sorghum and red wine

• Endocrine adaptation occurs in ruminants

– Glycerol released from adipose tissue

Biodiverse Feedback Loop Systems

• Tall Fescue: Endophyte

(Alkaloid-Nitrogen Steroid) • Birdsfoot Trefoil: Condensed

Tannins Binds nitrogen in Rumen

Alfalfa: Saponins Binds Steroids in GI Tract

Okunda, T. et. al. “Effects of Interaction of Tannins and Coexisting

Substances; Formation and Solubilization of Precipitates with

Alkaloids.” J. Pharm. Soc. Japan 102:854-858

Sheep on Rangeland

• Prefer Sagebrush in Morning

• Prefer Mixed Shrubs and Crested Wheatgrass Mid-Day

• Prefer Salt Brush in Evening

Gade & Provenza “Nutrition of sheep grazing crested

wheatgrass versus wheat grass shrub pastures during

winter.” J. Range Management 39:527-530

Alkaloids

(Major Deterrent of Grazing)

Betalain Alkaloids (Red/Purple)

•Pokeberry (Phytolacca)

•Beets

Indole Alkaloids

•Yohimbe

•Cinchona: Quinone

• Bitter in Taste (The Bitters)

• Antidote to Excessive Tannin Intake

• Synthesized in Roots

• Common Alkaloids

-Nicotine (Insecticide)

-Caffeine (Slug-o-cide)

-Morphine

-Cocaine

Plant Defense & Animal Response

Tropical Pastures

Stylosanthes spp. Legume

– a-pinene and sticky resin • Cattle tick immobilized by resin, killed by a-pinene

“Insects and Plant Surface” by Sutherst, R.W. and Wilson, L.J. (1986) pp. 185-194

Terpenes

• Monoterpenes

– Anti-microbial

– Anti-cancer

• Essential Oils

– Peppermint

– Thyme

– Oregano

– Citrus

• Small Volatile Molecules

Carotenes

(Terpenes)

•Alpha, beta, delta, gamma

•Orange/yellow pigments

•Dark green plants

Lycopene du Jour

(tetraterpene)

Autumn Olive

•17x Lycopene of

Tomatoes

•Nitrogen Fixing

•Leaves are Fodder

•Chelates Lead & Zinc

•Nectar for Pollinators

•Wildlife Food & Habitat

“It is unlikely that empirical studies, if undertaken, could show that

in randomly selected ecosystems, non-native species, especially

plants, are more important factors in extinction than are native

species and many other contributing causes and conditions.”

Mark Sagoff, PhD Senior Research Scholar

Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy at the University of Maryland

“The overall pattern almost always is that there’s some net increase in diversity, that seems to be because these native

communities of species don’t completely fill all the niches. The exotics can fit in there.”

Dr. James Brown, Ecologist at the University of New Mexico in “Friendly

Invaders”

Who’s a Native- Who’s a Foreigner???

Who’s the Invasive Species???

Ben Mead’s Cows

Eating Japanese Knotweed

Ben Mead’s Cows

Eating Nettle

Xanthophylls

(Oxygenated Carotenes)

•Lutein (kale, collards, spinach, egg yolk)

•Capsanthin (peppers)

•Cryptoxanthin

•Zeaxanthin

Organic Milk’s Grass Pigments

(Danish Institute of Agricultural Research)

• 50% More Vitamin E

• 75% More Beta Carotene

• 200-300% More Lutein & Zeaxanthine

The Benefits of Carotenoids

• Pro-Vitamin A (beta carotene): Animals cannot synthesize Vitamin A

– Normal Development of skin, mucosa

– Vision, Reproduction, resistance to bacterial/fungal disease

• Endocrine Function – Gonadal Development/Maturation

– Fertilization, Hatching, Growth

• Protein Stability & Enzyme Function

• Cell Membrane Permeability

• Olfactory & Chemoreception

• Oxygen Reservoirs (Oxygenation of Cells)

• Mitochondria: Cross membrane calcium transfer

• Anti-Oxidant: Absorb/reflect U.V. radiation and quench singlet oxygen

• Immune Enhancement – N.K. Cell activity

– Generate Wound/Healing

– Slow Down Tumor Growth

• Appetite Stimulation

“Antibiotic Properties of Essential Oils” International Journal of Food Microbiology 5 (1987) 165-180

Plant Essential Oils Tested for Antibacterial Properties

Almond (bitter) Caraway Fennel Melissa Rosemary

Almond (sweet) Cardamom Geranium Mint (apple) Sage

Angelica Celery Ginger Nutmeg St Johns Wort

Anise Cinnamon Laurel Orange Sassafras

Basil Citronella Lavender Orange (bitter) Spike

Bay Clove Lemon Parsley Star Anise

Bergamot Coriander Lime Pepper Thuja

Calamus Dill Lovage Peppermint Thyme

Chamomile Estragon Mandarin Pimento Valerian

Cananga Eucalyptus Marjoram Rose Verbena

Acinetobacter calcoacetica Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis

Bacillus subtilis Baneckea natriegens Brevibacterium linens

Brocothrix thermospacta Citrobacter freundi Clostridium sporogenes

Enterobacter aerogenes Erwinia carotovora Escherichia coli

Flavobacterium suaveolens Klebsiella pneumoniae Lactobacillus plantarum

Leuconostoc cremoris Micrococcus luteus Moraxella sp

Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella pullorum

Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus faecalis

Yersinia entercolitica

Test Bacteria (25)

Test Results

• All 50 Plant E.O’s inhibited at least (1)

bacterium

• 41 plant E.O.’s inhibited (5) or more

bacterium


bacterium


bacterium

Essential Oil Number of genera

Angelica 25

Bay 24

Cinnamon 23

Clove 23

Thyme 23

Almond (bitter) 23

Marjoram 22

Pimento 22

Geranium 21

Lovage 20

Effect of Various Essential Oils Isolated from

Douglas Fir Needles upon Sheep & Deer

Rumen Microbial Activity

Applied Microbiology, July 1967, p. 777-784

TIME (HOURS)

Effect of

Essential

Oils From

Douglas Fir

Needles

A

Effect of

Essential

Oils From

Douglas Fir

Needles

Time Hours

A

Newman Turner

“Weed” Preferences to Supplement

Grasses & Legumes

Chicory 2 lbs

Burnet 4 lbs

Sheep’s Parsley 2 lbs

Kidney Vetch 1 lb

Plantain 1 lb

Dandelion 1 lb

Fennel ½ lb

Foraging Behavior:

Managing to Survive

in a World of Change

By Frederick D. Provenza

Farm as Farmacy

“We have seen the future of medicine and the future

is food.”

Dr. Mitch Gaynor

New York Strang Center for Cancer Prevention

Real Estate

Cornell Silvopasture Systems