1. ATLANTIS#22.2 August 2011 Luisa Calabrese 04 Han Meyer 08 EMU Zhang Qinyi 12MAGAZINE BY POLIS | PLATFORM FOR URBANISM Meta Berghauser Pont 16 Dena Kasraian 20Vertical Asia 22 Seog-Jeong Lee 27 Xiao Liang 30 Amy Casey 32 Erich Raith 35 Leo van den Burg 37 Jos Beiro 39Hans Teerds 42 Samantha Salden 44Shift A+U 47 Explore Lab 50 Martin Dubbeling 52 Stefan van der Spek 54Posad 56Taeke de Jong 60URBAN FORM1

2. EditorialIn recent years, student work, as a reflection of the Urbanism department has, in The outline for Atlantis volume 22.my opinion, focused too little on urban form and too much on research and plan- If you have ideas and would like toning strategies. In the recent Archiprix 2011 competition for best graduate designcontribute, please do not hesitate toplans the jury found it remarkable to notice the large amount of thick reports with contact us at atlantis@polistudelft.nl.high quality studies. The jury stated: The shift towards the academic in designeducation has moved the emphasis from the design itself to its theoretical under- #22.1 Urban Societypinning. That said, the tie-up between study and design is quite often under par. Keywords: society, regeneration, politics,At times it seems as though there are two projects, a book and a visual presentation, housing, neighborhood.whose relationship is unevenly balanced. This is not an unprecedented incident, asjuries of earlier editions perceived the same problem. In 2010 the jury uttered: ForATLANTIS#22.1 April 2011those entries that gave much thought to research the jury often has to conclude that MAGAZINE BY POLIS | PLATFORM FOR UBANISMthe design is relatively weak when compared to the preliminary study. Especiallyin Urbanism projects the research is there, but at the cost of the urban design. Thespatial design is weak and the urbanist as choreographer and designer is all but URBAN SOCIETY 1absent. This might be an inconvenient message for our discipline but we shouldnot turn a blind eye to it. The need to develop the craftsmanship in forming urbanplaces clearly sets itself forth. In my opinion the knowledge of the repertoire, like #22.2 Urban Formprecise knowledge of building typologies with its logic of access, determining blockKeywords: form, density, typologies,depths and buildings heights, understanding of the requisite interstitial spaces anddesign, public space, urban techniques.natural lighting, as well as exercise in designing well-proportioned urban spaces,should be practiced much more to develop this craftsmanship. ATLANTIS#22.1 April 2011 MAGAZINE BY POLIS | PLATFORM FOR UBANISM However, when looking at recent results of Archiprix, and the Europan,there seems to be a renewed interest in form, especially on the intermediate levelof scale. According to the latest Archiprix jury the urban design specialism haselicited a batch of mature plans. After a period when the quality of its gradua- URBAN SOCIETY 1tion projects was a cause for concern, urban design seems now to be back in anew role amidst its fellow disciplines. Issue #22.2 of Atlantis is an endeavour in #22.3 Urban Economyexploring this revival by displaying passionate ideas and urban design projects.Keywords: globalization, urban economy,competitiveness, branding, market, role ofWe explored form on all scales with the cultural aspects thereof, taking into urbanism, foreign direct investment.consideration density, history, morphology, typologies, public space, urban tech-niques and transportation issues. Luisa Calabrese will open this issue by provid- ATLANTIS#22.1 April 2011ing five provocative propositions about urban form. In an interview Han Meyer MAGAZINE BY POLIS | PLATFORM FOR UBANISMtalks about the core chair of Urban Design. Meta Berghauser Pont explainsthe measuring of urban form. Seog-Jeong Lee of Hanyang University in Seouldemonstrates the recently completed project on the future city form of Seoul.URBAN SOCIETY 1Eric Raith of TU Wien and Leo van den Burg both discuss historical formsand their present-day meaning in Vienna. Jos Beiro gives us an insight inparametric urban design, while Amy Casey, a talented painter from Cleveland #22.4 Urban LandscapeUSA, elaborates her expressive work on urban forms. In an interview, Saman- Keywords: landscape, metropolitan, ur-tha Salden of Notre Dame University pleas for the importance of buildingban-rural, biodiversity, border conditions.community forms. Stefan van der Spek discusses matters of public space, HansTeerds reviews a novel. Posad and Shift, young award winning offices, present ATLANTIS#22.1 April 2011MAGAZINE BY POLIS | PLATFORM FOR UBANISMinteresting projects and insights derived from practice. Finally, Taeke de Jong ofTechnical Ecology and Methods will reflect on the topics discussed in this issue.Along these lines, the work of TU Delft urbanism students will be exhibited.URBAN SOCIETY1Jasper Nijveldt2 3. From the boardAs Polis board we are proud to present to you the secondCommittees 2011Atlantis of this year, issue 22.2 Urban Form. The first issue We could not be as visible as we are without the greatshowed us the impact of the magazine and the importanteffort of a lot of active students. In the last 5 months Polisrole it has in exposing Polis as an active study association. was able to organize a big trip to Vienna, excursions toThe basis of our mission statement is to construct a net-Antwerpen and Amsterdam-Noord, a double lecture onwork for intellectual transmission within the Departmentdigital urbanism, the Roadshow on sustainable planning,of Urbanism and beyond. Connecting students, research-a casestudy on Spoorzone Delft and several drinks. Theers and practitioners, by exposing and investigating con- board wants to thank all the people involved in this greattemporary affairs and academic ideology. We will do thisachievement, and trigger you to join us!by means of a magazine, organizing excursions, lectures,debates, expositions and other activities. Atlantis is a great Education. This is a new committee that organizesinstrument to expose and investigate, correlating the fieldsevaluation meetings in all the directions of Msc educa-of education, research and practice. It has developed itselftion. Especially in these times of cutting down budgets,into an important part of our platform and supporting our our education is under great pressure and therefore weaims of this year. The second Atlantis of this year means should keep sharp and critical. Jenny Nauta & Noorthat we are already halfway our board year. Polis has organ-Scheltemaized a lot of different activities in the last 5 months andbecame an even livelier part of the Urbanism department Urbanism Week. This is another new committee,again. The Urban BBQ of June 29th is probably the bestresponsible for setting up the Urbanism Week 2011. Theexample of this transformation. Regardless of the start ofUrbanism Week is organized by a big group, but alwaysholidays around 40 students of all sorts of disciplines and looking for others to join! Tlay Zivali, Arie Stobbe,nationalities joined us in the Delftse Hout!Jorick Beijer, Karien Hofhuis, Vera Konings, Tim Ruijs,Noor Scheltema.Meanwhile Polis is extremely busy in organizing theUrbanism Week 2011. The theme of Urbanism WeekBig Excursion. After the great success of the big trip to2011 is: so, you are an urbanist?! This is an open ques-Vienna this committee has unfortunaltely stopped aftertion, sharply reflecting on the importance of the urban-the graduation of its members. From here we want toism discipline, looking back, but more importantly look-thank Maike Warmerdam, Alicia Schoo and Liselotte vaning into the future: What is your discipline? What does der A for all their effort! Interested in organizing a newthe urban do for you? What is the profession really big excursion? Let us know!about? We can proudly confirm the participation ofspeakers such as Alfredo Brillembourg, Edward Soja, Lectures. This committee is looking for new enthousi-Rene Boomkens, Alexander DHooghe, Maarten Hajer, asts! Let us know if you want to join them and organizeTess Broekmans and Adriaan Geuze. Next to this Atlan- more interesting lectures! Remmelt Oosterhuis, Sylketis magazine you will find a flyer with more detailed Koumans & Thomas Paul.information. For updates, backgrounds and registrationplease visit: www.urbanismweek.nl Small Excursion. The small excursion committee will belosing some members in September so is of course lookingFor us it is of big importance to keep close contact with our to fill those gaps. More people means more creativity andmembers. The new Polis website is our main platform for possibilities! Hannah Cremers, Gijs Briet, Andre Kroese,sharing information. Besides this we put effort in keepingVerena Roell & Wieke Villerius.our Facebook and Linkedin pages as up to date as possible.These are great places to interact and share your fascina-Borrel. Maaike Zwart, Nazanin Hemmati, Ani Ska-tions. Keep in touch! chokova & Laurens de Lange.Urban greetings from the Polis board 2011,Atlantis. Jasper Nijveldt, Edwin Hans, Jan Wilbers, JanJorick Beijer, Karien Hofhuis, Vera Konings, Tim Ruijs &Breukelman, Yu Zhang, Mike Yin, Wang Jue & SangNoor ScheltemaHuyn Lee.3 4. A key and a hero1An essay on the current state of urban designluisa maria calabreseUrban design is a powerful tool. It plays a key role in thePlanning: accommodating quantities, solving technicalformulation and realization of strategic urban projects. It isproblems through sound technical solutions, satisfyinga crowbar for innovation and a gate to unexpected solutions.the market demands and speculating on new urbanIt has the capacity to serve as a medium for negotiation andidentities through the experimentation of new urbanconsequently leads to strong, stimulating and simultaneouslymodels3. The motto was and is order, control, techniqueopen-ended plans, leaving margins for evolution and adapta- and economic feasibility; all of this lately spiced up withtion; contradictions can transcend into productive paradoxes. a flavor of sustainability, the unavoidable byproduct ofWhile urban design is the key to the strategic urban pro- global issues.ject, the hero is urban space itself. No matter how good anurban design might be, in the end it is merely addressing the This awkward situation begs a number of questions.endless capacity of and possibilities existing space offers, such In the best academic tradition I offer five propositionsas making use of the resourcefulness of space and the medi- regarding two specific questions: the possible role ofating capacity of space, strategic urban projects deal with urban design in contemporary (Dutch) urbanism andurban space and urbanity remaining, by definition, relatedthe role we (urban planners and urban designers) couldto an urban place. Organisation, servicing and management play in ongoing planning processes. I choose my posi-of city form are consequently the main tasks for urban policy tion. I challenge you to single out yours.and fundamental dimensions for a vast majority of strategicurban projects. They are structured in a manner by whichproposition 1the essential principles and concepts derived from the spe- There is no present and no future for Urban Planningcifics of the context as well as related to an interpretation ofwithout Urban Design.sustainability are not lost.Bruno de Mulder et al., A Project of Projects (2004: 196) Planning through politics, policies and bureaucracy isdoomed to fail. The present Dutch situation speaks forThis issue of Atlantis highlights the old question of itself. The Ministry traditionally appointed to produceurban form and the role of Urban Design2 within it. large-scale planning policies, countless paperwork andThis is not without reason. In the past decades remark- toolboxes lost its raison-dtre and has been shut down4.ably negative opinions were voiced on the urban con-Infrastructure Planning wins 1-0 on Urban Planning;dition and particularly on public space. In the 1990s and even worse than that, public money is currentlyMichael Sorkins well known Variations on a theme invested in road development instead of in improvingpark was given the subtitle The end of public space.public transportation. Peoples needs and peoples voicesSoon thereafter Rem Koolhaas spoke of the evapora- are unheard, whilst developers and politicians talk end-tion of public realm in his cult essay The Generic City, lessly. Effective normative tools are missing, especiallyand Bruce Robbins named his book The phantom of at those scales of design and interventions where itspublic realm. all about quality of life. Historical heritage is usuallyconsidered a burden; therefore demolition is easier thanThis wave of publications has made it seem as if urbanrestoration. Urban composition is arbitrary, even unnec-form of which public space is the most targeted aspectessary when developers and politicians are satisfied with has suffered permanent erosion and loss of qual-the allocation of functions. Urban Design disappears andity, and is no longer a matter of concern to Urbanism.Architecture takes over. Its all about the process, theyTrue? True. We do not need to take overseas exam- say. Should we still believe it? Recent history teaches usples to admit it. We just need to open the window and that only a few of those planning processes survive thelook outside. The Dutch case with a few exceptions polder model and finally get built5.shows that the making of the modern and contemporary I usually dislike catastrophic thinking and especiallycity has been characterized mainly by basic pragmatismwriting about urbanism, however the present and espe-and bird-eye views. Four concerns were, and in my cially the future of our cities and territories ask for aview still are, leading decision making in Dutch Urbanradical change. In my view, urban designers need to get4 5. more engaged in realizing such change through designknowledge, which means producing fewer words andmore meaningful drawings. Design is engagement.Design is politics. A better urban form needs participa-tion, smartness, quality and flexibility. A durable urbanform needs durable design. We need to stop supportingblue print planning and big promises. Its time to focuson creating tangible facts on the ground. In order to doso we should learn to do many things at the same time:we should have the courage to test our ideas in con-crete and detailed design (each scale asks for a differentknowledge!) even when we are not asked to do so, to runrisks, and to anticipate the future by means of meticu-lous scenarios. Urban designers need to enter fearless and aggres-sively into the arena of the real challenges, confronting,contemplating, setting the agenda and engaging thedialogue. Urban designers need to re-think their pos-sible role(s) within the actual planning processes. Mostof the tools we need to influence Urban Design in prac-tice with, exist within the present planning system, butFigure 1. Project from Vertical Cities studio, more info on page 22.we are not explicit enough in using them. Its our taskto make Urban Design evident and effective. We must knowledge by communication and participation. Urbanas well show the awareness that creating quality spaces design is also a tool for negotiation towards a workableinvolves more than just us. Other roles involved in synthesis of conflicting realities. Design helps in the for-making a development happen also have an influence on mation of agreements and becomes, in some instances,the environment and this is often forgotten.a legal instrument. Thus, urban design is an essentialcomponent that steers the entire development process ofproposition 2 strategic urban projects.Urban Design is an inevitable necessity.Urban design is premised upon a fundamental rethink-Realizing strategic urban projects sounds almost like a ing of the discipline of urbanism following the crisismission impossible. They have to comply with an entireof modernist planning methods in the post-war welfarerepertoire of difficult criteria. A strategic urban project state and various self-critical reflections that occurredhas to be structural, multi-dimensional, visibly inno-amongst professionals in the 1970s and 1980s. Unlikevative and beautiful. The recent developments in thethe modernist master plan, urban design in general anddesign discipline offer some necessary help. The rein-the strategic urban project in particular, are not consid-vention and resurrection of urban design over the pastered final. On the contrary, they are seen as intermediatefifteen to twenty years has reinvigorated the field bysteps, mediums that explore the potential of urban sites,reformulating the roles and methods of urban design.allow for the achievement of qualitative consensus, andExperiments and projects in a wide range of contextssafeguard and accentuate existing spatial qualities. Theyand situations have demonstrated the essential role ofare structured in a manner by which the essential princi-urban design proved through the development of stra-ples and concepts derived from the specific reading andtegic urban projects. The fact that urban design literallyopportunities of sites are not lost throughout the longcontributes to shaping the city is evident it deals withand complicated development process, while also allow-forms, the quality of urban space and built form. At theing for flexibility to deal with changing circumstances.same time, there are a series of other tasks for urbanUrban design, vision-making and strategic urban pro-design that are perhaps less visible, but by no means lessjects start as designerly research. The process is initi-important. Urban design is more inclusive than design ated by a penetrating reading of the site, in which its his-of objects as such. Urban design is investigative and can tory, characteristics, the structural grounding of the sitebe termed design by research, which, amongst otherin the urban morphology and the problems and oppor-things, includes the acquisition and use of local socialtunities of the given urban site are analysed. Designerly 5 6. research explores the identity of the study area and crea- have territorial effects outside its area of intervention (detively speculates upon the possibilities to reorganise orSol-Morales, 1989). Each urban project must have thedevelop the site with qualitative urban spaces and urban ambition to constitute a partial contribution to a consistentactivities. A variety of fields of knowledge are deployedoverall strategy. The formulation of this wider strategyin this analysis: urban history and morpho-typology, can be considered a project in itself. This wider strategy isurban ecology and landscape, societal issues, such as thewhat Busquets has called a project of projects, a concretepower game of decision-making or processes of inclu- demonstration of the way in which local projects can besion and exclusion, architecture and urbanism, and, last part of a wider constellation of projects. This distinctionbut not least, local social knowledge concerning daily lifebetween projects and projects of projects correspondsin particular places. From the initial stages, architectural to what in the French tradition is understood by pro-knowledge is present as a way to question the existing jets urbains and projects de ville respectively. A projetrealities and spatial structures and the desired interplay urbain is the expression of concrete intentions to go outbetween future urban space and urban functioning. This and build an urban fragment. Projets de ville, in contrast,type of research work oscillates between analysis andare as such not realized. Apart from not-counting excep-synthesis, between vision and action, between intuitiontions, one does not make cities, but one builds parts, bitsand rationality, between the global scale of the city andand pieces. However, as argued by the urban project tra-the actual scale of a building, and between an existingdition, that in itself should not keep us from developingand desired spatial structure. projects for the city, from reflecting on the future form of the city, from constructing projets de ville as the horizonpropositions 3 for and the context in which fragmentary projects can beIf we do not re-learn how to design at the intermediateevaluated (De Meulder, et al., 2004). This view concursscale Architecture will soon erase Urbanism. with Salets (2006) definition of strategic projects as stra- tegic devices with collective missions, visions and plans,Is design one whole from the spoon to the city? Most attempting to settle or stimulate certain joint courses inarchitects would answer yes. What is the answer of individual actions.urbanists? The idea that architects would pursue,throughout their career, a multidisciplinary/multi-scaleproduction is not a new one: they have always looked "Most urbanism students lack indeedbeyond the boundaries of their discipline, appropriatingmaterials, methods and processes from other industries not only design knowledge, but alsoas needed. Often in history they disguised themselvesas artisans, scientists, artists and philosophers all at the basic design skills to be able to work atsame time. In the 1920s, the Bauhaus founder WalterGropius famously declared that architects should designthe intermediate scale."everything. His school cultivated a totalizing conceptin which Architecture was only one aspect of design. Itpromoted the idea of the architect as someone who couldThe city produces grey by itself. Strategic urban projectsand would design buildings, cities and objects all withare of no use if they only add to the greyness of the city.the same involvement6. On the contrary, strategic urban projects must make a fundamental difference and in that sense they are usu-Contemporary (Dutch) Urbanism thinks differently.ally very visible. They change the face and perceptionScale matters only if it is big. Design matters only whenof the city. Strategic urban projects are indicators ofit is regional and metropolitan. Processes are designedfuture development, producers of identity. They supportmore than the physical world is. No hidden or manifest and strengthen the identity of the city and its inhabit-ambition to design a spoon in urbanism. Why? ants. This characteristic necessitates considerable design In his essay Urbanism at the turn of the century (2000), skills and aesthetic sensibilities, qualities that are oftenJoan Busquets talks clearly about the importance of theneglected in urban development initiative.intermediate scale in contemporary urbanism, the scale ofthe urban project. According to Busquets the urban pro-propositions 4ject is a type of project that focuses on an urban fragment, Urban form goes beyond morphology. Urban form isas a starting point for tackling wider ranging problems in about the use that people make of space and the meaningthe city. It is situated on an intermediate scale and should they attach to it.6 7. The city should express the needs of the people andthe large-scale issues, the planning and technical aspectsrespond to them, including the need to build up a collec-are openly privileged upon design. A few quick insightstive memory. By analyzing existing places and the com- in what (urban) design is are offered, however there isplex relationships between their constituent parts wenot enough space and time to elaborate in depth on whycan learn to recognize and create the qualities of a rich(urban) design is a powerful tool to steer planning pro-and stimulating urban environment. This means on all cesses. Theres no time to reflect-in-action9, neither toscales, on all levels of scale, a city should accommodatefind out why urban design is the key to the strategicchange with respect to the past, present and future. urban project and why the hero is urban space itself. On the other hand, a city consists of certain scale (De Mulder, 2004).levels. Each level should have a structure that accommo- Notesdates change in the next level. Each structure should be 1 I borrowed this title from an essay by Bruno de Mulder et al., A Project of Projects (2004: 196).precious to the ones who use it. For example, the scale 2 One important aspect of urban form is the way urban programs are shaped on the ground,level of the neighborhood should have precious streetin other words, the way they are composed and designed in order to be used.patterns and accommodate changing use of the streets.3 The Dutch New Towns, the Vinex, American style CBDs, etc..The street should be precious in its own. As well as 4 After over thirty years the Dutch Ministry of Housing and Planning (VROM) has beenbuildings should be. merged with the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructures in 2010. 5 Examples of lengthy processes are the South Axis in Amsterdam and the missing link of the A4 motorway in Midden Delfland.propositions 5 6 In Italy the method Dal cucchiaio alla citta (From the spoon to the city, Ernesto Rogers,Designing at different scales should be taught consistently1952) was born precisely from the meeting between the nascent Prussian industry and thethroughout the curriculum to all students at our faculty,visionary educational model developed in Dessau. This utopian sentence defined an attitude that Italian designers have developed and sustained since the 1950s. This philosophy foundnot only to architects.its ground in the optimistic belief that a newly-born industrial production once applied to Architecture would be able to produce a better and more affordable standard of living for many people. This social approach was deeply engaged in the political dialogue with a grow-Lately I noticed a blooming production of toolboxes7 ing post-war country in need of progress. A famous example of this design philosophy wasand oversized metropolitan strategies as main subjects ofthe light switch that Castiglioni designed in 1968 for VLM, which he used to call his littleour graduating students in the Urbanism master track.secret, because this easily missed piece of inexpensive hardware was for him the ultimate anonymous design typology that improved the quality of life in millions of European apart-Sadly few of them choose to develop a project, I mean, ments.a design project well-articulated at different scales7 Toolboxes are catalogues of standardized rules for urban (re)development and a methodol-of interventions, from strategic planning to convinc-ogy to apply them.ing strategic design. At first I thought that the reason 8 I say most of as we can see a clear difference in design knowledge and skills between MSc students who were previously trained as architects (abroad) and students coming from ourwhy this happens is that there is not enough interest in own Bachelor program.design, especially at the intermediate scale. I thought9 In this well-known book Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design forthat the notion of urban form is outdated, as its all about teaching and learning in the professions (1987), Donald Schn argues that professional edu- cation should be centered on enhancing the practitioners ability for reflection-in-action,planning processes.that is learning by doing and developing the ability for continued learning and problem However, talking and working with our students,solving throughout the professionals career.I realized that design knowledge is what is missing at Referencesspecific scales, not their interest. Most urbanism stu- Busquets, J. (2000) Urbanism at the turn of the century. BNSP, The Fifth Van Eesteren/Vandents8 lack indeed not only design knowledge, but also Lohuizen lecture 2000, Amsterdam, pp. 320basic design skills to be able to work at the intermediate Calabrese, LM (2006). Urban eyes; het stedelijk project en de stedenbouwkundige dienst.scale. Thats why, when its time to choose a graduation Stedebouw & Ruimtelijke Ordening, 04 (2006), 1-5theme or Lab, they mostly go for a toolbox instead of forClaessens, F., & van Velzen, E., (2006). De Actualiteit van het Stedelijk Project. Stedebouw & Ruimtelijke Ordening, 4, 32-37a strategic project. One explanation to this in my view De Sola Morales, M. (1989) Another modern tradition. From the break of 1930 to the mod-- embarrassing situation is what you teach is what youern urban project. In: Lotus, No. 62, pp. 632get. Is it a matter of curriculum structure and content?De Sola Morales, M. (1987) La secunda historia del proyecto urbano. In: Urbanismo Revista,It might be. On the other hand, its also a matter of offerNo. 5, pp. 2140and demand. Students should learn to firmly ask forKoolhaas, R. (1994) What Ever Happened to Urbanism?, in S,M,L,XL, OMA, (with Bruce Mau), The Monicelli Press, New York, 1995, pp. 959/971.what they need to become professionals who are capa- Meyer, H., Hermans, W., & Westrik, J., (1998). Stedebouw onder Nieuwe Voorwaarden:ble of seeing the city from multiple viewpoints and whoStedelijke Transformaties in Amsterdam, Rotterdam en Den Haag. In Bekkering, H.,relish working with interdisciplinary teams. et. al, Stedelijke Transformaties: Actuele opgaven in de stad en de rol van de stedebouwkundige discipline, Delft, Delft University Press, 73-93 Rossi, A., (1966). LArchitettura della Citt, Padua, Marsilo.From our (teachers) side, we should reflect upon our Salet, W., (2006). Framing Strategic Urban Projects. In Salet, W., & Gualini, E. (eds.),choices as educator. In my view, the present curriculumFraming Strategic Urban Projects: Learning from Current Experiences in Europeanchooses for a vision of urbanism as a pure process, whereUrban Regions, Oxon, Routledge, 3-20.7 8. The fundamentals of Urban Designand the permanent crisis Han MeyerIn the previous Atlantis issue we interviewed Prof. Dr.to budget cuts, because as a department Urbanism hasVanstiphout on the new chair Design as Politics. For thisgrown a lot, having more professors than Architecture,Urban Form issue we approached Prof. dr.ir. Han Meyermuch to their dismay. Which seems off: when comparingof the chair of Urban Design, theory and methods. This the number of Master students, Urbanism has only a frac-chair focuses on Urban Form, how urban form in the tion of that at Architecture. We can argue why this is notNetherlands is perceived, influenced and taught and howso surprising, especially in the past much more researchit can be designed and transformed in actual practice. was carried out at Urbanism and we are not only here forHan Meyer explains the background of the chair and the sake of the Master students, but for a larger audience.the profession in light of the Dutch context. He gives his Either way, we will have to shrink down, which will probablyviews on the relation between Architecture and Urban-mean that when De Hoog leaves, we lose that niche in theism and provides insight into his education and research.regional scale. There might be other ways to get this back,The main line running through the interview is that thebut I cant say too much about that at the moment.absence of a strong common sense on the fundamentalsof the discipline is an important reason that Urbanism inNot only is it hard to translate Stedenbouwkundingitself has never been a self-evident discipline and findsOntwerpen linguistically, but also because what we callitself permanently in crisis. That is why the core-businessUrban Design in the Netherlands hardly exists abroad. In aof the chair is focused on the research, teaching andlot of other countries there is actually a very strong sepa-publishing of the fundamentals of urbanism. We con-ration between Urban Design which is the specific designclude the interview with a list of books that are a source of the urban projects, and what is immediately calledof inspiration to Han Meyer. Urban Planning, mainly focusing on zoning and operating on a more abstract level related to Urban Economy. TheBACKGROUND OF THE CHAIRidea that you can make a design for a very large area thatTo explain what the chair of Urban Design stands for, I includes a street plan, a worked out allotment plan, andfirst need to dwell upon the name Urban Design. This iseven includes guidelines for building heights, form andimportant because for as long as I have been with the chairsize of the buildings with their programmatic layout, that iswe have had the discussion on how to translate Stedebou- actually typically Dutch.wkundig Ontwerpen into English. The essential idea in thelate 80s was that Urban Design is a field that has to dealThe development of this Dutch discipline has everythingwith both theoretical and methodological aspects and for to do with the development of the Dutch territory, whichthat you need a core chair, which is the chair that I cur- as a delta could only be made inhabitable by approach-rently hold. Aside from that two more chairs are requireding it very systematically. Systematic in the sense of anto cover the more specific niches. Henco Bekkerings chair, immediate spatial and technical division, something whichStadsontwerp, is called Urban Design with the idea that it emerged already in the 15th and 16th century and muchfocuses mainly on the lower scale in relation to Architec- stronger here than in other countries. This is also theture and the urban project. The larger regional scale is cov-reason our discipline has at least as much overlap withered by the chair which is held by Maurits de Hoog. Civil Engineering as with Architecture. In other countries you see that Urban Design is actually an enlarged form ofThis idea is still relevant. However it has to be revised due Architecture, because there Urban Design originated from8 9. the Architecture faculty. It is pretty much the largest scale rything that has to do with it, something we dont reallythat Architecture can handle, and when it gets bigger you teach anymore. Students who are graduating now andend up in Geography and Spatial Economy.come across traffic design assignments still have to dis- Here in Delft it emerged not only from Architecture, but cover very basic aspects like dimensions of roads, turningalso strongly from the Civil Engineering faculty. From thosecircles for parking, etc. These are basic skills that studentstwo niches something emerged in the 20-30s that was should already be equipped with. I think there should becalled Urbanism and Urban Design. This particular histori-a very clear distinction between the fundamental aspectscal development needs to be explained abroad as to what and a cloud of other aspects that are interesting and canwe mean here by Urban Design. It is very difficult to put be added. Perhaps we should work on that more andjust one title on your business card. restore that balance. In terms of education this distinction At a given moment we thought of Urban Compositions is not always clear, especially in a situation where everyoneas a term because it explains partially that its about spatial finds they have something important to say, and in whichcompositions, about spatial form and about structure. Thenwe are perhaps too democratic and liberal by giving eve-again, lately I am more inclined to just say Urban Design;ryone their say.perhaps it is better to say Urbanism. Ill leave the exacttranslation up to you. BACKGROUND AND CRISISA lot of things are changing and to be honest I thinkIn the last twenty or thirty years, research in Urbanism urbanism is permanently in crisis, which is actually quitewas for an important part comprised of Spatial Planning logical. You have to realize that urbanism has never reallyresearch, so the influence and occasional dominance ofbeen self-evident, both as a discipline here at the school,what is normal in Anglo-Saxon countries is something that as to how the discipline emerged in the Netherlands. Inwe did not entirely escape from. We from the urban design the period when the BNS (Union of Dutch Urbanists)angle also did research of course, but did not have such awas founded and the large cities started to get their ownlong tradition in the publishing and making of articles and planning departments, there was an enormous discussionthe like. Therefore the bulk of this came from the Spatialgoing on, and there were many doubters concerning thePlanning corner. If you go back even further, before thesense of special organizations on urban design and urbanmiddle of the 20th century and partly during the fifties, planning. Currently, a large change is taking place in thethen you do see that the profession contained all sorts ofNetherlands concerning the tradition of project basedaspects from Civil Engineering, but also a lot of things typi-development, a process which entails the development ofcal for the University of Wageningen, like soil studies and neighborhoods all the way through to completion of thevegetation studies. Those courses were all part of the cur- last dwelling. This tradition was built up predominantly inriculum, but disappeared over time. When I studied here inthe 20th century, culminating in the 80 90s with thethe seventies we still had a course on site preparation, butVINEX developments. With the help of the crisis this tradi-when I came back twenty years later it had disappeared.tion is now coming to an end. Its essential to say with thehelp of because arguments against this approach to theFOCUS OF THE CHAIRprofession have existed for long, but are being taken muchOne of our main projects now is called de Kern van de more serious now. They have everything to do with pleasStedenbouw, or the essence of urbanism, in which weCarel Weeber held twenty years ago for more freedom toask ourselves what the fundamentals of our profession small private initiative, and calls for more flexibility in theare and in what ways this is relevant for now and for the urban economy and culture. Conditions should be createdfuture. What we basically state is that an important aspect that allow all sorts of developments to flourish, rather thanof the essence is knowledge of the more technical aspects fix everything now, pouring the plan into a casting mold.of the profession, and the ability to deal with specialistsIn our book series on the kern van de stedenbouw, onefrom different technical specializations. This way you dontof the important messages we try to convey is that for abecome completely dependent on the demands of the civil very long time Dutch Urbanism consisted of an approachengineering experts which might be difficult to translate in which a very strong spatial form is designed, but withininto the urban plan. With some basic knowledge you canwhich there are still a lot of possibilities for private initiative.provide both rebuttal to and a better integration of theseSo the post war period in which the approach of strictdemands. The same goes for traffic engineering and eve- planning and the management and control of the overall"...to be honest I think urbanism is permanently in crisis"9 10. shape of very large areas came into vogue is actually a it a) is realised, and b) also functions wellsort of intermezzo if you look at the longer term. Thatswhy its very relevant to look at this tradition again in the I happened to read an article recently in de Groenecoming period, not to copy all sorts of old forms but toAmsterdammer, in which IJburg was enormously patron-learn from certain principles, to rearrange these to be usedized. They interviewed residents stating its boring, theresin the 21st century. nothing to do on the streets, its empty, there are streetkids terrorizing the place. I think the case of IJburg was aARCHITECTURE VS URBANISMclever move by the municipality of Amsterdam in order toI think that by definition architects are interested in themeet the very high residential demand of people to live incity, and that they have always tried to intervene and even Amsterdam and moreover I think the urban design is oneclaim parts of the terrain of Urbanism. That issue is as oldof the best examples of recent urban design in the Nether-as the difference between Architecture and Urbanism. Butlands. However every new neighbourhood just needs timein principle an architect designs buildings whereas the to become a real part of the city. First there is the wholeessence of Urbanism is to design conditions for the place-building process, which in the case of the harbour islandment of buildings in such a manner that it also benefits theIJburg actually went quite fast: it took only fifteen yearscommunity as a whole, instead of just the private ownersfrom the first design to construction. But to allow this dis-of buildings. My predecessor Jan Heeling explained this trict to develop itself into a living part of the city severalvery clearly for the first time in his inaugural speech: themore decades will be necessary.distinction between architecture and urbanism is directlyrelated to the distinction between private and public.On a very general note I think it is very important for citiesThe hard part is that you have two things to consider. If a that they retain sufficient critical mass, to prevent whatproject is being executed and buildings are realized within is happening now in American cities like Detroit. Detroita couple of years, the short-term interests in an urban planobviously is a very radical example, but then again thisare often about the connection of these buildings to thedecay permanently threatens a city like Rotterdam. Whenpublic space. At the same time you have to consider the the critical mass of the population declines below a cer-long term. What will happen in and to those buildings? Thetain threshold limit, it directly affects the retail sector, cin-program can change over time and become something emas, health centres, hospital, etc. The city will then entercompletely different in ten to twenty years, on the other a downward spiral, for instance in large parts of Americanhand even whole buildings can be replaced. But once ancities there is simply nothing to do. The collective inter-urban plan has been designed it is much harder to change, est of a community is very directly related to maintainingso before you actually can start talking about the trans- a critical mass in a city, and that can only be maintained byformation of an urban area a lot of time has passed. Thekeeping the city attractive. This is a very direct challengeimportant thing with an urban design is that it has to con- for urban design: to ensure that the whole does not falltain a high degree of durability, in the sense that it has to apart and if possible, to condense it.last long and should be able to absorb all kinds of changes.EDUCATION AND RESEARCHRelated to that, in one of the first lectures of the urban Lately Im more involved in the graduation studio Delta Inter-fundamentals I state: if you want to become famous, youd ventions, which is more about the relation between urbanbetter not become an urban designer. Because for most design and the very large task of the delta programme howpeople a building is very recognisable, but the fact that to control the delta. When you add up all of the componentsthere is an urban design is often taken for granted. Yes,of the delta programme a huge spatial transformation of theof course there are streets and the buildings are in a rowNetherlands is not unlikely, but you have to take care that or not. That those things have been thought out, thatit wont turn into something horrible. The main question is:people carefully drew it all is not so obvious. But whenhow can you be on top of that, guide the process and usethere is suddenly a very strange or special building pop- this transformation to your advantage. Lets embed waterping up, the reaction is much more clear and the building ismanagement and flood protection in such a way that we aredirectly associated with the name of the architect. To sumleft with better pieces of city and landscape.it up Urbanism has to face two aspects that are not always In my research there are actually two main lines, whicheasy. The first is this lack of recognition and the second is are related to one another. The first is about the essenceits long term character. With a bit of luck, a building is com- of urbanism, focusing on how our profession really devel-pleted within a few years and the architect sees the result oped and what the meaning of that is for the future. A veryof his work. Concerning the urban design however, beforeimportant part of that is the Dutch situation, which at the10 11. same time is the second line. Over time our profession has down. As Hurricane Katrina passed through the Gulfalways been intertwined, how can you exploit that inter- Coast region, New Orleans federal flood protectionconnectedness in the future, taking into account that we failed: 80% of the city flooded. There is this doublehave had to build our cities in a marshy delta and also have assignment: how to make a clever new water manage-to keep developing them in the future. That last part, the ment system and how to get the city back, inhabited byforward-looking research is actually the most important, and functioning for its citizens. This is a very honourablewhich I try to develop together with a number of PhD stu-task, but just as important is that this task gets properlydents. We would like to combine the layer approach (oftenaddressed here in the Netherlands. We are thereforeused as a pictogram but forgotten shortly thereafter) with working on a project commissioned by NWO, which isa scenario approach: to investigate what developments in the Dutch organization for scientific research, to developthe long term are both possible and conceivable in climate a methodology for integral planning and design in theand spatial change and how those two should be interwo-South-Western delta, the area between Rotterdam andven. On that level of scale it is vital to develop a robustAntwerp. This is necessary because we observe that thenew spatial structure which at the same time allows greatspecialized sector-approach still reigns in our nationsflexibility in its use. Combined with the small-scale oppor- spatial policy. There are nature people, water people, porttunities of city and surrounding (water) landscape this is people, safety people, urban planners, and so on. In thisactually the central theme the graduation studio Delta specialization trend it is increasingly difficult to develop aInterventions tries to address. kind of integrated approach for a spatial area like a delta. Since this integration is one of the fundamental aspectsAs a consortium named Dutch Dialogues comprised ofof Urbanism, you could say that this too adds up to theurbanists, civil engineers and engineering and designimportance of reconsidering the fundamentals of Urban-firms from practice, we were asked to help reconstruct ism as an answer to those who state that the discipline isa large part of New Orleans, which is still largely torn in a crisis. (JB & JW)SELECTED READINGSMelanie Mitchell Complexity theory, a opposed to the artificial manipulation of theguided tour landscape the first wins.Our visiting professor Juval Portugali Edmund Bacon Design of Citiesresearches self-organization in relation tocomplexity theory, which is a very importantIn the sixties a bulk of meaningful literaturetheme for our discipline. In this book thewith high importance today was written byauthor describes the complexity that rises in authors such as Jane Jacobs, Christopherall scientific disciplines from the mid twentiesAlexander and Kevin Lynch. In my view,century until the turn of the century where Edmund Bacon belongs to this list withthey all come to a stop and reflect upon theirhis Design of Cities. In this book Bacon asevolution. An inspiring read.head of the Urban Development departmentin Philadelphia is confronted with migrat-David Biggs Quagmire, Nation-building ing citizens away from the city center andand Nature in the Mekong Deltainfrastructural monsters. To come up with anew plan he travels through time to create aA book in which the Mekong delta is thefascinating systematic research-by-design.subject and the way it is incorporatedThis belongs to the mandatory list of must-into Vietnams everyday life and the way itreads for any urbanist. Moreover, I oftenserved as a defense mechanism against the show this book to students to show how youoppressors. The interwoven relationship ofcan translate a theme into a drawing in thethe Vietnamese and their landscape couldmost convincing way.not be overcome by attacking nations. Thisis a strong metaphor for the strength of thelandscape and the reconciliation with it as11 12. 12 13. Farmin zhang qinyi (EMU)Paris 2030 / shaping the city with open space european postgraduate master in urbanism (EMU) Studio: Frontiers (MSc4 Thesis) Tutors : Bernardo Secchi, Daan Zandbelt & Henco Bekkering Location: Paris, FR/Hongkong, P.R.C Type: Regional Planning Size: 2,500 sq km (XL) Project farmin is located in Paris based on a parallel comparison with Hongkong. The name is derived from farmax, maximized density, where farmin stands for minimized density. farmin is about using open space as a backbone of urban and infrastructural development. Open space is used in different ways as centralities, con- nections and interfaces in all levels from territory, district to neighborhood. Nevertheless open space functions as a structuring city layer that connects with the urban enve- lope and the green rhythm of Paris throughout all levels. Two concepts are developed: A 2-km city and a 15-km city. These describe the city forms by both the distance from the city centre to the xl open space and the distance between different urban compositions such as cbd, single family housing and social housing. These city forms which are defined by open space can consequently have an impact on society. Socially diversed climates can be achieved from a city form that provides all kinds of open space everywhere, especially those xl ones. The concept is to interpret the ecologic principles into an urban version and use this to guide the organization and design of the open spaces. Project farmin is both flexibile and specific. It is flexible in the sense that it addresses several strategic key con- cepts which are illustrated through designs in different scales, rather than build up a fixed master plan for con- struction. At the same time it introduces a clear syntax of the open space focusing on connectivity and accessibil- ity. The open space is no longer like a field with free- standing high rises, as in Le Corbusiers Plan Voisin, but embraced by its users and providing them with collec- tive yet distinguisable identity. 13 14. Problem: open space structures the cityEMU (European Postgraduate Master inThe size and distribution of open space can define the character of a metropoli- Urbanism) is a joint program offered bytan area. The xl open spaces are almost all located on the outskirts of Paris, the four European universities: UPC in Bar-city is therefore shaped as a circle with a heart and a periphery. In Hong Kong, celona, Spain; TU Delft in The Nether-however, those xl open spaces are located parallel with the city, which shapes lands; KU Leuven in Belgium; and IUAVthe city in a linear way.in Venice, Italy. All four universities are inclined to link their didactic topics toHypothesis: open space and social segregationtheir direct cultural environment with itsOpen spaces are magnets. The individualising way of living makes large opentraditions and contemporary challenges.spaces attractive areas, large open spaces located in the outskirts polarize the That leads in Barcelona to small scale ur-city. Can a more porous and isotropic city in the term of open space, in which ban transformations and territorial trans-the whole city has sufficient and equal accessibility to all kinds of open space,formations of culutral landscapes.Wherehelp to form a more mixed and stable society?in Venice cultural heritage and the citt diffusa are central topics, students in Leu-Concept: HKs in Parisven work on the mid-sized European cityHKs 2-km-city condition leads to a more sustainable and integrated society. and deltas facing climate change. Even-Can we insert large open spaces with a nature and suburb-like condition in tually Delfts focus is on the (Randstads)Paris in order to provide opportunities for alternative ways of living? Can we metropolisation and delta condition. Thefinally have a metropolis with a Paris city center, and tiny HKs around it? Apostgraduate master course is a design-new Paris 2030?oriented program, which focuses on strat- egies and design for cities and territories.Project: Patches + Linear City The aim of the program is to produceFirst of all, big patches of open space are defined out of the brown fields. The highly qualified, university-trained urbanleftovers are used in two ways: some of them are organized as borders of those designers, physical planners and research-patches as an interface to enhance the communication and movement across the ers (www.emurbanism.eu/). Atlantis askedborders. The remainings are organized into corridors to connect all the patches. Daan Zandbelt to pick a recent project ofAs a result, the project could be re-defined as patches and a linear city. EMU to demonstrate.14 15. Paris Hong KongOpen space shapes the city10 km50 suburbiapriphriqueCBD centre15 km Paris current + PARIS: 15 km city 15 km0HK: 2 km city0bay 0 2 km centre1luxury housing Paris 2030 2 kmsuburbia2 kmHypothesis: open space and social segregationConcept: HKs in Paris = + [ +] Project = Patches + Linear City 15 16. Measuring urban formmeta berghauser pontFor many, the notion of measuring urban form will sound disturbing.Urban form is about visual images of cities, experiences, feelings, memoriesof place, thoughts and intellectual constructs anchored in the realm of thearts and the humanities. Anne Vernez Moudon however gives in the paperUrbanism by numbers (2009) a good argument to study the urban environ-ment quantitatively as it offers urban designers the opportunity to practicetheir art with its due precision. Urban density is one of the measures that is used frequently in urban designpractice, but is also questioned by many as it relates poorly to urban form (Alex-ander 1993, Forsyth 2003). The use of a concept with such a large warningdisclaimer is disturbing. The Spacematrix method has contributed to a clari-fication of the existing Babel-like confusion in the terminology currently beingFigure 1. Spacematrix with floor space in-used by urban planners working with urban density. The most important con-dex (fsi) on the y-axis, ground space indextribution of the Spacematrix method is, besides a clear definition of density, that (gsi) on the x-axis, and network densitydensity can be related to urban form and other performances and that urban(n) on the z-axis (Berghauser Pont andform is thus measurable.Haupt 2010).SpacematrixSpacematrix defines density as a multi variable phenomenon and makes a cor-relation between density and the built mass (urban form). Spacematrix uses thefollowing measures: floor space index (fsi), ground space index (gsi), and net-work density (n). fsi reflects the building intensity independently of the pro-grammatic composition; gsi, or coverage, demonstrates the relationship betweenbuilt and non-built space; and the density of the network, N, refers to the con-centration of networks in an area. Measures such as open space radio (osr) orspaciousness, the average number of floors or layers (l) and the size of the urbanblocks (w) can be derived from these three main measures. These three mainmeasures are represented in a three-dimensional diagram, the Spacematrix(figure 1). Separate projections of the Spacematrix are in the present contextnecessary due to limitations in data management and representation (and thuscommunication) of the results (see for instance the fsi-gsi plane in figure 3).Figure 2 shows three examples on how different an area can look like with one Figure 2. Three different types of urbanand the same density of 75 dwelling per hectare. When applying Spacematrix forareas with 75 dwellings per hectare (fromdescribing the density of these three examples we get a more accurate descrip-left to right, 1-3, see position in Spacema-tion. In all cases the fsi is the same (based on mono-functional areas and 100 m2 trix in Figure 3).1 1 11 2 2 2 233 3 316 17. per dwelling), but the gsi in the left case is relatively high. rounded by large open spaces (marked as a circle namedIn the middle case, gsi is medium, whereas in the right F). In particular post-war housing areas inspired by Lecase the gsi is low (Berghauser Pont, Haupt 2010).Corbusiers La Ville Radieuse design principles belong toFigure 3 shows the position of the three examples in the this category. Conversely, urban areas with a high gsi butfsi-gsi plane of the Spacematrix diagram. Besides fsi onlow fsi (marked as a circle named C) tend to be low risethe y-axis and gsi on the x-axis, the measures osr and l arerow houses with small gardens, but also industrial areasincluded as gradients that fan out over the diagram. osrcluster here. The multi-variable definition of densitydescribes the spaciousness (or pressure on the non-builtmakes it thus possible to quantitatively describe the dif-space), and l represents the average number of storeys. ferent urban environments.Although the examples have one and the same fsi, theirposition in the Spacematrix is different due to the differ- These types of urban environment do not have rigid bor-ences in gsi, osr and l.ders, but slowly transform from one to another. Whatis most important to understand is that the conditionsThe diagram in figure 4 shows, based on empirical sam-set by density very much influence the performance of132 Chapter 4 ples from various locations in the Netherlands, and Berlina built environment. It is suggested that performance-(Germany) and Barcelona (Spain), where different typesbased descriptions of urban fabrics could become moreof urban environments are located in the Spacema- URBAN FABRIC TYPES important than the traditional image- or activity-basedtrix. The environments with both a high fsi and gsi are descriptions. Instead of naming low-rise block types or An urban fabric type can be viewed as consisting of a specific combination of, on the one hand, a network type (defined by N, buildings dominated by perimeterareas with mid-rise b, and T) which describes the basic layout of the groundhigh-rise strip types, the fabric type could be described planblocks. These areas are marked the other hand the building type (defined and the accompanying series of islands, and on as a circle with the letter and prescribed solely by its Spacematrix density and the by FSI, GSI, OSR and L), which describes the infill of the islands.E. Conversely, urban areas with both low fsi and gsi The amount of network needed to access the islands is incorporated in the density figuresperformance characteristics embedded in this density. on the scale of the island and the urban fabric. The difference betweenof low rise(marked as a circle named A) tend to consist island and fabricPerformances that are discussed in the book Spacematrix. density is an indicator of the amount of network space (T ) needed to access the islands.single houses with large gardens. Areas with a high fsi In order to grasp the consequences of adding network to the islands, the nine archetypesfSpace, Density and Urban (Berghauser Pont and Haupt that but low gsi earlier are positioned again in thehigh-rise but this time adding thewere discussed tend to be areas with Spacemate, buildings sur-2010) are parking, daylight access and urbanity.density calculations on the level of the fabric (Figure 22). The GSI and FSI values on the scaleof the fabric are all lower than on the scale of the island because of the added tare space.Many more performances of urban fabrics could andBut the different building types still retain unique positions in the diagram, and, when all othershould be researched and related to density in the sameDutch samples are included, the clusters can again be 8discerned to represent the different3.0FSIbuilding types (Figure 23). L13 12 11 1097 6 5 manner, contributing to a better underpinning of urban2.5plans and designs.OSR L13 12 11 10 9 8 7 64.5 FSI2.04.01.50.25 Instead of creating images, urban professionals will then3.5OSR3.01.00.35 be more involved with defining the conditions under2.5 321 0.50 0,100.75 which specific qualities are most likely to be realized.0.52.0 1.001.5 Figure 22. In the Harvard Design Magazine reader Urban Plan-0.0Nine archetypecal0,15 samples ning Today such a conditional approach to planning is 0.000.10 0.20 0.30 0.400.50GSI 0.601.0in the0,250.5 0,350,50 described when it defines the future role of governments Spacemate diagram0.0on the scale ofFigure 3. The relationship0.30 0.000.10 0.20 between gsi, fsi, osr and l in Spacematrix 0.400.50 0.600.70GSI 0.80as establishing intelligent and flexible guidelines, or the island and the(positions rise point to Figure 2) (Berghauser Pont andhigh rise pointlow1-3 refermid rise point Haupt 2010).fabric. incentives (Saunders 2006). These guidelines should not low rise stripmid rise strip high rise strip island low rise blockmid rise block high rise blockprescribe solutions or particular built forms, but shouldfabric define principles or performance criteria that leave the L 13 1211109 8 7 6FSI 3,5OSR designer free to be creative in solving design problems3,00,15 (Punter 2007).2,52,01,5E0,25The performance of the built landscape1,0FD0,35There is among many researchers and professionals a con-C0,5 ,B0,50 ,0,75sensus that compact settlements are more sustainable than1,00 A0,0 sprawl, and that denser cities, be it with high rise or with Figure 23.0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50GSI 0,60 Building compact mid-rise solutions, will somehow halt an unsus- types inA point type, low riseD street type, mid risethe SpacemateB street type, low rise E block type, mid risetainable increase of consumption of transport, energy and diagram on theC block type, low riseF hybrid point/street type, high rise resources (Newman and Kenworthy 1999; Jenks 2000). scale of the fabric. Newman and Kenworthy demonstrated that in low-Figure 4. The various types of urban areas (scale: urban fabric) in the density cities in North America energy consumption perFSI-GSI plane of the Spacematrix (Berghauser Pont and Haupt 2010).inhabitant for transport is far higher than the same energy 17 18. used by Europeans, and even more so when compared to very high-densitycities in Japan (see figure 5). North Americans are almost totally dependent onthe private car, while the Japanese in general cluster in higher densities and areable to sustain a more efficient public transport network. However, denser urban environments do not automatically mean less trans-port and energy consumption. Distances between homes and places of work,regulations and fiscal policies probably have far greater impacts on car use thanthe mere physical layout of cities and regions (Neuman 2005). If the argument isturned around, though, one has to admit that dense settlements are a necessaryprerequisite if we are to aspire to a radical cut in car and lorry transportation.Only dense settlements offer feasible circumstances for the large investmentsneeded for a more energy-efficient and environmentally responsible movementof goods and people. Such settlements are also the only environments that canbe successful when it comes to healthy and sustainable modes of transportation, Figure 5. Urban density and transport-such as walking and cycling.related energy consumption.AccessibilityRadiuses Figure 6. Difference between Accessibility500-1000 density of blocks, mixed- Radiuses 2500 use to mono-functional500-1000 5000m (Berghauser Pont and Mash-2500 5000m hoodi 2011). Figure 7. Accessible areas of a block are unique. They cover 500, 1000, 2500, and 5000m distance from the block and[ [Meters are dependent on network 0 1.125 2.250 4.500 configuration (Berghauser Meters 0 1.125 2.250 4.500 Pont and Mashhoodi 2011).Based on these findings, we can conclude that fsi plays a than 2,4 ha, residential density should be more than 54distinctive role in predicting energy consumption related units per hectare, and distance to the closest grocery storeto transport. In what sense the other density measures areshould be less than 440 meter. The finding that less thanof importance, and thus urban form on the micro scale, is 440 meter could make or break an environmental sup-unknown. In other words, does it matter whether density port to walking was maybe the most powerful lesson thatis realized through arose from these quantitative analyses.i) high and spacious developments versusBased on results of a study in Rotterdam by Berghauser2) low and compact developments with similar high Pont and Mashhoodi (2011) concerning mixed-use envi- densities. ronments, we can conclude that fsi in mixed blocks issignificantly higher than in mono-functional blocks.Walkability research done by Moudon et al. (2006) shows The fsi is 27% higher in the mixed blocks than in thethat besides residential density, also block size, presence mono-functional blocks.of proximate grocery stores, restaurants, and retail facili- When considering all the mixed blocks the share ofties are strongly associated with walkability. The find-floor area used for commercial services such as shopsings of this research show that quantitative thresholds,and restaurants show the highest difference with thein this case to support walkable neighborhoods, need to mono-functional blocks, followed by the share of culturalbe defined with great precision: blocks should be smaller function, social services, offices and industries. In other18 19. words, the service function and especially the commer-the most distinctive, where it differs 39% between mixed-cial functions dominate the mixed blocks. The share ofuse and mono-functional blocks. As general conclusion,work is less spectacular as can be seen in figure 6. Themixed-use blocks are more likely when the fsi of the blockshare of housing reduces significantly in the mixed is higher and the block is located in an area with greaterblocks. A mixed block has 21% less gross floor area for provision of different land use classes.housing than a mono-functional block. This is not sostrange as the other functions need more space in order A recently developed block in Rotterdam has a rela-to make the blocks mixed. tive high fsi and is planned with a mixed program, What is also found is that this reduction of residentialbut is located in a walkable neighbourhood (radius 500floor area within a block is compensated for by an increase meter) dominated by housing (figure 8 & 9). It is there-of residential density in the proximity of the block in fore questionable whether this planned mix will on thequestion. This can be studied by measuring the accessi- long run survive as not all conditions are optimal for able residential density. Accessible density (Sthle 2008) mixed-use block.takes into account both the gross floor space of an area(for instance the urban block) and the accessible floor areaConclusion and discussionwithin a certain radius (see figure 7). Measuring urban form is to many designers frightening,but could - as is shown here - be of great value to betterBy doing so, the density of a low dense block can increase in underpin design decisions. The complexity of designingcase it is embedded in a high dense context. Or vice versa, cities makes that we will never find (and we do not wanta high dense block can have a very low accessible density to find it, do we?) the formula for the best city, but weif it is extremely segregated from its context. Comparisoncan understand the performance of the city better basedbetween mixed-use and mono-functional blocks shows that on quantitative analysis. The most important conclusionmixed-use blocks have a higher accessible density in all theis the need for precision and accuracy in dimensioningradii and land use classes (Berghauser Pont and Mashhoodi the physical neighbourhoods. In addition, the knowledge2011). The difference is more distinctive in lower radii. Inhow a local change in urban form has effects on the city aswalking distance the accessible commercial service densitya whole, and vice versa. Based on this knowledge we canis 77% higher in mixed-use blocks than in mono-functional guide the future city with smart urban rules prescribingblocks. Within biking distance, the presence of work is performances instead of form.Alexander, E. R. (1993), Density Measures: A Review and Analysis, in: Journal of Architec-ture and Planning Research 10(3), pp. 181-202Berghauser Pont, M. Y., Haupt, P (2010) SPACEMATRIX, Space, Density and UrbanForm. Rotterdam, NAi Publishers.Berghauser Pont and Mashhoodi (2011), Studying land-use distribution and mixed-use pat-terns in relation to density, accessibility and urban form, ISUF conference 2011, Montreal,August 26th -29th 2011 (forthcoming).Forsyth, R. (2003) Measuring Density: Working Definitions for Residential Density andBuilding Density, in: Density Brief, 8 2003, Design Center for American Urban Landscape,University of Minoesota.Jenks, M. (2000), The acceptability of urban intensification, In: Williams, K., E. Burton, etal., Eds. (2000), Achieving sustainable urban form. London, E & FN Spon.Figure 8. Mixed-use block (Wolphaertsbocht) measured on block Mashhoodi, B. (2011), Bio-inspired Design Support for Enhanced Mixed-use Potential. Un-derstanding the relation between urban form and mixed-use development by means of bio-level (Mashhoodi 2011). inspired computation, first year PhD presentation TU Delft.Moudon Vernez, A. et al., (2006), Operational Definitions of Walkable Neighborhood:Theoretical and Empirical Insights, Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2006, 3, Suppl 1,S99-S117, 2006 Human Kinetics, Inc.Moudon Vernez, A., Lee C.(2009), Urbanism by numbers. A quantitative approach to urbanform. in: Making the metropolitan landscape: Standing firm on the middle ground. Ed. byJacquline Tatom, Jennifer Stauber, New York, Routledge: 57-77Neuman, M. (2005), The Compact City Fallacy, in: Journal of Planning Education andResearch 25, 11-26.Newman, P. and J. Kenworthy (1999), Sustainability and cities: overcoming automobile de-pendence, Washington, Island Press.Punter, J., 2007. Design guidelines in American cities: conclusions. In: M. Larice & E. Mac-donald, eds. 2007. The urban design reader. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 500-516. Original textfrom 1997.Saunders, W.S., 2006. Cappuccino urbanism, and beyond. Harvard Design Magazine, fall2006 / winter 2007, p. 3.Figure 9. The same block is mono-functional measured on the scaleSthle, A. (2008) Compact Sprawl: Exploring Public Open Space and Contradictions in Ur-of a walking neighbourhood of radius 500 meter (Mashhoodi 2011).ban Density, Stockholm; KTH. 19 20. The urban capacity of the WestlandTowards a systematic measurement of capacity forintensification of dwellings and activitiesdena kasraianUnder the topic of compactness, strategies for intensifica- weak to strong points which show the range of least to mosttion of dwellings and activities are high on the agenda.favorable spots for being intensified.The capacity for multi-According to Randstad structuurvisie 2040 there is afunctional intensification will be derived from the combi-growing need to provide more space for living and work- nation of the different categories.ing in the Randstad. On the other hand there are fears ofextra congestion and over-crowdedness in the large cities The final superimposition map plays the role of a masterof the Randstad. These are the reasons and needs whichplan of the area which suggests the degree (intensity), loca-motivated this graduation project.tion (priority) and program of intensification. It tries to find solutions for the Randstads demand forspace outside the borders of the main cities but within the 2. Small scaleexisting built-up area, in order to make the most out ofAt the local scale an inventory of the existing morphol-the existing potentials. It claims that the policies for inten- ogy is provided. For each sample, three scenarios of low/sified development, with the aim of reaching the compactmedium and high intensification are predicted and quanti-city concept, would be more successful if they can answer fied (within a limitation of urban rules and using existingthese questions:samples).Where should the intensification take place (quality)?3. CombinationEventually, the intensification capacities of the large andWhat should the program be (land-use)?small scales are combined to quantify the amount of den-sification.How much should the amount of intensification be(quantity)?This method is not dependant on a specific location, the end result of the proposed methodology is a proposalThis project introduces a systematic approach to locate andfor a master plan, which helps to locate and quantify theevaluate the potential locations for intensification of each strategies of intensification and provides a glimpse of pos-program or mixed uses. Part IV) Applying the masterplan The study model sible futures for policy makers and other stakeholders and The interventions may vary from small changes (expansion, annexation andthem to communicate. allows inll) in the areaswith lower potential to total demolishment and replacement of the existing fabric with highlyMethodology dense interventions, in areas with high intensication capacity.1. Large scalea) Within the context of Westland (as a case study), andthe categories of dwellings and amenities, companies andglasshouses, several decisive factors for intensification aremapped in a gis database (e.g. public transport, densities,goods transportation network).b)Values are attached to the elements within each layerregarding their relative importance (e.g. in the publictransport layer, the areas closer to the stations valuehigher). Later, different weight factorsVI) Applying the mas- to thePart are appliedterplan, studymodelexisting layers (e.g. the layer degree of urbanity weighsmore than the noise pollution). 143c)The valued layers are super-imposed to provide a capac-Figure 1. Plan drawing, after applying maximum intensification to aity evaluation for intensification. The result is a gradient of part of Wateringen, Westland. The new additions are in red.20 21. Figure 2. The step by step procedure of assigning values for intensification of dwellings. The gradient of yellow to red colors shows the location leasto 1. Small scale Quantitative estimation o estimationto most favorable for the intensification of dwellings.rio1. Small scale Quantitative estimationio 1.1.Small scale Quantitative estimationSmall scale QuantitativeExisting situation Existing situation Low intensicationLow intensication Medium intensicationMedium intensicationHigh intensication cation High High intensi Existing situation Existing situationExisting situationLow intensicationLow intensication Low intensication Medium intensicationMedium intensication Medium intensication High intensicationHighintensicationintensicationExisting situation Low intensificationMedium intensification High intensificationw housesw housesww housesow housesReference #1 Reference #1Reference #1Reference #1 Reference #2 Reference #2 Reference #2 #2Reference #2 Figure 3. Example of morphology inventory and quantitative estimation of low,Reference #1 high intensification. medium and Reference4.4.Single-familyrow houses ((2.5 level )) ) 4.Single-family row houses ( (2.5 level ) 4. Single-family row houses 2.5 level 4. Single-family row houses (2.5 level )Single-family row houses 2.5 level Plan area Plan areaPlan area Plan areaFootprintFootprint FootprintFootprintGFA GSIGFA GSI GFA GFA GSI FSIFSI FSI OSR L LOSR OSRLL dwl/ha dwl/hadwl/ha Plan area Footprint GFA GSI GSI FSI FSI OSR OSR L dwl/hadwl/haExisting situation Existing situation No 3 Existing situationExisting situation No 333No No34817 3481734817 348177966 79667966 796620937 0,22 20937 0,22 20937 0,22 0,6020937 0,220,601,28 0,60 1,280,60 2,62 1,28 2,621,282,62 40 2,624040 40Existing situationLow intensication No 334817796610631 20937 0,22 0,76 26578 0,300,60 0,911,282,50 2,6251 40 Low intensicationLow intensication Low intensication1063110631 10631 26578 0,30 26578 0,30 0,7626578 0,300,76 0,91 2,50 0,76 0,910,912,50 51 2,50 51 51Low intensicationGrowth1063133%27%2657836% 27%0,76 -29% 00 2,50+11 51 0,30 27% 0,91 GrowthGrowthGrowth 33%33% 33% 27% 27% 36%27%36% 27%36%27% -29% 00-29% -29%+11+11 +11 Medium intensiGrowth Medium intensication cation Medium intensicationMedium intensication33%10956 1095610956 1095627% 36354 0,31 36354 0,3136% 1,04 36354 0,31 1,0436354 0,31 27% 0,65-29%3,310 70 +11 1,04 0,651,04 3,31 0,65 3,310,653,31 70 70 70 Medium intensicationGrowth GrowthGrowthGrowth 38% 38%1095638% 38% 74% 74%3635441% 73%1,04 -49% +1 3,31+30 7074% 74% 41%41%0,31 73% 41% 73% -49% +173% 0,65-49% +1 -49% +1 +30+30 +30 High intensiGrowth High intensication cation High intensication High intensication38% 11125 1112511125 11125 55625 0,31 1,5973%0,42 -49%5,00+1 107 +3074% 55625 0,31 55625 0,3155625 0,31 41% 1,59 1,59 0,421,59 5,00 0,42 5,000,425,00 107107 107 High intensicationGrowth GrowthGrowthGrowth 40%1112540%40% 40%166% 41% 165% -67% +2 5,00+66 10755625 0,31 165% -67% +2 166% 41% 166% 41%1,59 166% 41% 165% -67% +20,42 165% -67% +2+66+66 +66 Growth 40% 166% 41% 165% -67% +2 +66102102 102102102Figure 4. 1:1000 Model, after applying maximum intensification to a part of Wateringen, Westland 21 22. Vertical Asia msc urbanism, architecture and real estateAsia is the urban centre of the world. Although levels of urbanization are higher Vertical Cities Asia project by TU Delftin Europe or North America, in Asia almost as many people live in urban areas Studioleader: Mitesh Dixit (OMA)as opposed to the rest of the world combined. Moreover, the current total isprojected to double over the course of the next generation. More than half of Supervisors: Henco Bekkering,the worlds most populous cities and urban regions are found in Asia. Equally Luisa Calabrese, Kees Kaan, Henri vanimportant, Asia is a site of new and emerging urban forms, phenomena andBennekomexperiences, but also the site of problems of sustainable urban development.In recent graduation projects Atlantis noticed an increasing interest in Asia, spe- Participating universities:cifically China. From 120 urbanism graduation projects of 2010 and 2011 nearlyThe Chinese University of Hong Konga quarter is a project in Asia (Repository consulted 8-7-2011). In this section weTongji Universitywill show the results of the graduation studio Vertical Cities Asia as well as aTsinghua Universityrecent graduation project by Xiao Liang. We also interviewed a professor of University of TokyoUrban Design at the Hanyang university in Seoul who is also the project leaderNational University of Singapore (host)on the future vision of Seoul.Delft University of TechnologyETH ZurichVertical Cities Asia competitionUniversity of California at BerkeleyAsia is at a crossroads. Either existing urban architectural models will continue University of Michiganto be recycled with devastating effects on land, infrastructure, and the environ- University of Pennsylvaniament or new models of urban architecture will be formed to take on the specificsof Asian urban development over the next five years. The international Verti-cal Cities Asia Competition set out a brief to several international universitiesincluding TU Delft to investigate ideas and theories in urban growth and archi-tectural form. DEMOGRAPHY POPULATION (million persons)POPULATION DENSITY, China 2006 (persons/sqkm) URBAN POPULATION (%Every year, one square kilometre territory will be the subject of the competition. 901400Goal is to house 100,000 people, providing the living and working environment. 801200This area sets the stage for research and investigation into urban density, ver- 701000ticality, domesticity, work, food, infrastructure, nature, ecology, structure, and 60 800program the very tenants of a new environment compressed into a crucible> 900 50800 - 90040of urban and architectural invention. This year the theme of fresh air will be 600700 - 800600 - 700 30explored. The playground is Chengdu, a fast growing city in the west of China Chengdu 500 - 600 400400 - 500 20300 - 400(figure 1). The city tripled its urban area since 1990 (figure 2). Its population 200200 - 300100 - 2001050 - 100grew from 8 million to 12.2 million today. 0 1960 1965 19701975 1980 1985 19901995 2000 200520100 - 5001970 1975 1980context |GROWTH China United StatesEuropean Union source: WorldbankFigure 1. Rising city of Chengdusource: ... China United StatesOn the next pages we show the three TU Delft entries that were sent in toPOPULATION - 2010 1990 with members as Kencompete with other universities. The international juryannual growth (%) LIFE EXPE 80Yeang, Wong Mun Sums en Alan Balfour called it a close call, but in the endX33Harbinthe team from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) 2,5 75was awarded the first prize with the winning entry titled Symbio City. The2HuhhotBeijing 70project The Wall from the TU Delft took the second prize. Chinas Tongji 1,5 TaiyuanUniversity took the third place.1Shanghai 65XingpingSuzhou 0,5 Nanchong 60Vertical City Asia is a shared educational programme of the master tracks0Chengdu ChangshaTaizhou 1960 1965 1970 19751980 19851990 19952000 20052010CangnanUrbanism and Architecture. Main mentor of the TU Delft entries is Mitesh-0,5 Shenzhen 551970 1Dixit. He works for OMA leading the office in London, and he is guestXiamen China-1 POPULATIONteacher at the Architecture department of the faculty of Architecture TUChina United StatesEuropean UnionWorld source: Worldbankpopulation 2005population 1990Delft. Other tutors were Henri van Bennekom, Luisa Calabrese, Kees Kaan Figure 2. Growth Chengdu 1990 - 2011source: McKinsey Global Instituteand Henco Bekkering.POPULATION urban agglomoration, 2009 (million persons)+ 250%.The red in the south is the -site. GROWTH size and speed, 1990 2005AGE popul (1.265 milliSuzhou fastXingpingTaizhou22CangnanNanchong Shenzhen Huhhot65+6,9 % Nanchong Taizhou Xiamen Suzhou15 - 64 Changsha Xiamen TiayuanHarbin ChengduBeijingShanghaiChengdu CangnanChangsha ShenzhenHarbin 0 - 14Huhhot 23. Agropolis joeri slots, roald roelofs, xin dogterom & drazen krickovic Our proposal counteracts on the trend of loss of arable land as one of the major concerns in the world due to rapid urbanization. Without intervention, this trend will result in a (global) food crisis. Therefore, the intention of this proposal is to preserve as much of the existing arable land as possible, while still dealing with Chengdus urban expansion and the housing demands of its rising popula- tion. In the Agropolis, urban and rural life are broughtFigure 1. Vertical agriculture together. This highly dense vertical city occupies only 1 km of land, yet houses 200.000 people when it has com- pleted its growth phases (figure 1). Urban agriculture can be found throughout the vertical city (figure 3). Local pro- duction could be one step towards limiting the causes ofn the air quality problem. By composing the city with block modules (for flexible lay-outs and usage), maximum roof gardens and terraces are created (figure 4). Living like a true Agropolitan would mean having the best of urbanss section life together with the best of rural life.Figure 4. Block modules 40m20m 40m20m 40m40m20m40m20m 40m 340m Figure 3. Vertical agriculture 23 24. The Wall bart van lakwijk, jasper nijveldt & herman pel AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)AIR QUALITY per season, Chengdu 2009MAJOR POLLUTANTS loadinner city Chengdu 200925 winter If we would project the estimated population growth in 20140120100 Chengdu in the same space-consuming manner as the last 28% 8015 biking 60 46% 40 decade, we would almost need to build a second city of a 10autumn 200spring 26% 5 similar size by 2030. But the current fingermodel of the city 0 2005 20062007 200820092010 201120122013 PMIO SO2 NO2 will grow out of proportion, precious land will be eaten,averageduring rush hour resulting in urban sprawl and traffic congestion. Because PMIONO2summerSO2 measured measuredmeasured of the growing distances the inhabitants become moreFigure 6. Decreasing speed (kmph)Figure 7. 2,5 times more com- WHO guideline NO2 WHO guideline SO2 WHO guideline dependent on cars and more ring-roads need to be built.pared to WHO standardsWATER QUALITY Mintuo River Traffic jams and an increase of air pollution will be inevi-fingermodel doomsday 40THE WALL 35 table (figure 6 & 7). Chengdus development will gradually30 25 20 slow down, become more congested and will decrease in 15 105 livability and efficiency. The finger model is no longer sus-0 best I IIIIIIV V worse VI20082009 tainable. What if we stop the urban sprawl by densifyingGRID the current city edge? We call this edge the Wall (figure 8).156 KM2 ANNUAL WATER USE, Chengdu 2001Western grids like the famoustransition between landscape and city The Wall makes the (total 335 million m3)Manhattan grid are based onFINGERMODEL CHENGDUDOOMSDAYPROPOSAL: THE WALL AIR QUALITY POLLUTERSTACKLING AIR POLLUTIONINTEGRAL SYSTEMblicwestern values. Big openings, vistas, and newly developed court- manifest. Starting from the Figure 8. Main line of reasoningThe Wall can not only give theopportunity to accommodate theprojected population growth, but it TRANSPORTenlightenment where individuality the Wall feels porous and open. yards (figure 9) make sure is also a series of parallel strategiesthat truly can have the potentialTRANSPORT TRANSPORT DENSITY DENSITYLOCALISEDFEEDER SYSTEMLOCALISEDFEEDER SYSTEM GREENHOUSES GREENHOUSESand devotion to heaven and godto tackle bad air quality. The main URBAN GROWING CITYSPRAWLURBAN RELIES ON CARGROWING CITY USEcontributors to bad air quality today SPRAWLRELIES ON CAR USEare transport and industry. The Wallresidential 36%are important, the architecture will cut emissions and capture before itblows freely into the air. By connectingnondomestic 46%the existing metro system with the? nonrevenue 18%reflects this with buildings that are The Wall can not only accommodate the projected popu- O2?wall, an expanded public-transit willCO2 O2be provided, thus radically decrease CO2elegant, impressive and vertical.dependency on the car. This newtransport system will be the backboneChinas historical values are different. function as 156 KM2 lation growth, but it can alsoa framework forof the Wall. Also by clustering industry EXISTINGMETROEXISTINGSYSTEM UNDERGROUND PARKINGCARBON CAPTUREEXISTINGMETRO SYSTEM UNDERGROUNDCARBONEXISTING 9 MAJOR POLLUTANTS load ratio, ACID RAIN, Chengdu 2009AIR POLLUTION, Chengdu 2009in the Wall the total system becomeshMETRO SYSTEM PARKING CAPTUREMETRO SYSTEM inner city Chengdu 2009more sustainable. Sharing energy,EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEMTHE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM9 EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEMTHE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEMMAJOR POLLUTANTS load ratio, ACID RAIN, Chengdu 2009AIR POLLUTION, Chengdu 2009 waste, heat and CO2 capture systems ga ason, Chengdu 2009ratio, OR POLLUTANTS loadinner city Chengdu 200928%Starting with Confuciuss values context. The Wall will not be dealt applying ideas in a larger MAJOR POLLUTANTS load ratio, ACID RAIN, Chengdu 2009 987 ACID RAIN, Chengdu 2009 AIR POLLUTION, Chengdu 2009 AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)AIR POLLUTION, Chengdu 2009will have a big influence on air quality.The wall will have different spatialWATER CONSUMPTION by activityof the collective, the architecture r city Chengdu 2009 inner city Chengdu 2009 8 6 25 URBAN AREA Chengdu (sqkm)(sqkm) AREA, Chengduoutcomes on each specific location. ItMILLION PEOPLEAVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu AVERAGE SPEED city centre Chengdu (kmph)(kmph)URBANhe46%9reacts on the local soil, vegetation andINDUSTRY 75 9winterINDUSTRY activities litres used on would contain the loss of arable land28% 8program in the city. INDUSTRY with as separate masterplans or buildings with air purifiers, 648 400 140 20 toilet ushes 10 - 15responds to this in forms that springLoss 46% 26% 25753 120 20052025, 100 28%Central government %642010 2010 2006 2030 2007203020082050200920507 2010 350shower (per minute)15 - 35target minimum for 2010 7 28% 12.2 16.7acid rain frequency 20.3615biking AGRICULTUREOTHER INDUSTRYDWELLINGS EXISTINGINDUSTRY GREEN HOUSESINDUSTRY DWELLINGS bath (full tub)150 80 Hub and spoke46% 26% PH of precipitation 20INDUSTRYDWELLINGS EXISTING GREENINDUSTRY DWELLINGSSupercities8 53300emphasize enclosure and separation.INDUSTRY HOUSES 60 PMIO SO2 NO2URBAN 2006 46%AREA 2007 2008normal PH 2009 20105 COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL HEATING laundry machine (full load)160 - 2204 dishwasher 25 - 55 air conditioners or more ingenious techniques, but it is an20 40 acid rain frequency 2502050 27x27 KMDistributed growth 2026% Townization 22PMIOSO2NO23PH of precipitationnormal PH4 15 10bikingCONSUMER ANDCOMMERCIAL PRODUCTS dishwashing by hand (tap running)11020062007 2008 200920102030 20x20KM 0152020 2025 spring 200The domesticity of a Chinese family 01026% acid rain frequency3shaving (tap running)20 - 302006 2007 5 2008 20092010 A B C D red PMIO SO2NO2 PH of precipitation normal PH1015052%A B C DO2brushing teeth (tap running) 10 - 30HO guideline acid rain frequencyO2 WASTE A B E integral plan with a series of parallel strategies (figure 10) PH of precipitation