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Towards Fair Allocation of Environmental Responsibility to Electric Network Users
Heetae Kim, Petter HolmeDepartment of Energy Science, SKKU, South Korea
Motivation
10km
Santiago
Curico
50km
Cost-benefit mismatch
Electric power system and Greenhouse gas
Transmission
From resources to energy services and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
Consumption Generation
Power plantsUsers Infrastructures
Electric power system
Consumption Generation
CO2
Infrastructures Power plantsUsers
Greenhouse gas emission of generation: - estimated from consumption
Electric power system
Power plantsUsers
TransmissionConsumption
Infrastructures
Transmission distance
? km
Greenhouse gas emission of transmission: - should not be estimated from consumption
How to estimate GHG: ideal
Total emissions
Resource combustion Conversion factor
Resource consumption
Electricity consumption
Transmission facilities Conversion factor Facility use
km
Transmission distance
CO2
CO2
×
×
Functional indexEnvironmental impacts
Conversion factor ×=
measured by
measured by
conversion process corresponding to transmission and generation
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
=
=
How to estimate GHG: real
Total emissions
Resource combustion
Conversion factorResource
consumptionElectricity
consumption
Transmission facilities Conversion factor Facility use
km
Transmission distance
CO2
CO2
×
×
Functional indexEnvironmental impacts
Conversion factor ×=
Transmission load is difficult to consider separately
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
=
=
measured by
measured by
How to estimate GHG: current
Total emissions
Resource combustion
Conversion factorResource
consumptionElectricity
consumption
Transmission facilities
Conversion factor Facility use
km
Transmission distance
CO2
CO2
×
×
Functional indexEnvironmental impacts
Conversion factor ×=
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
=
=
measured by
measured by
The merged conversion factor and functional index are used
However, the transmission load will not be negligible because …
Environmental impacts from transmission facility is neglected (< 5 % of total)
CO2 ×=Electricity
consumptionMerged
conversion factor
Environmental impacts timeline
Construction Operation & maintenance
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
•Increasing cost of transmission facilities - Super conductive material, smart grid
Environmental impacts timeline
Construction Operation & maintenance
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
•Increasing cost of transmission facilities - Super conductive material, smart grid
•Decreasing fossil fuels- Solar power, wind power, etc.
•Sensitive stakeholder economy - International electric power trade and transmission
Environmental impacts timeline
Construction Operation & maintenance
Transmission facilities
Resource combustion
International transmission projects
NorNedAsia Super GridDeserTec
Research purpose
✴ Allocate environmental impacts of electric power to regions according to both electricity consumption and transmission load
✴ Integrate network theory into Life cycle assessment(LCA)
allocate
Method outline
Energy distance2 GHG allocation3Total GHG emissions1
Inventory analysis
SIC center of Economic Load Dispatch (CDEC-SIC) ✓the main national electricity company ✓serves 92% of country’s population ✓10 regions out of 15 ✓42 provinces out of 57
Data collection ✓2007 to 2012
System boundary
"ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines." ISO (2006)
Developing Chilean conversion factor
g CO2/ kWh GWh
0.006 325
0.266 13,450
0.157 7,946
0.285 14,385
0.027 1,358
0.020 1,013
0.239 12,072
= 23.02 Mt CO2-eq
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Chilean electric power system
CDEC-SIC Annual report (2014)
R. Itten, R. Frischknecht, M. Stucki, "Life Cycle Inventories of Electricity Mixes and Grid" ESU-services Ltd. (2013)
Network generation
<Transmission system dada>
Node (Poser plant)
Link (Transmission line)
Agua santa
PlacillaNode
(Substation)
CDEC-SIC Annual report (2014)
466 nodes
↳129 power plants 291 substations 46 towers
543 edges
Network generation466 nodes
↳129 power plants 291 substations 46 towers
543 edges
Transmission algorithm
Amount of electricity consumption × Transmission distance
i : a substation node j : a power plant node aij: electricity supply from j to i dij : transmission distance from j to i nhd(i) : neighbor nodes of i Edi : energy distance of i
i
j Power plant
Substation
Transmission
distance dij
2
A
B
1
Greedy algorithm ↳the nearest substation has the top priority and the others are supplied subsequently
Poss
ible
p
air
Tra
nsm
issio
n
dist
an
ce
Optimal
Electricity
supply aij
Edi =f (aij ,dij )
j∈nhd (i )
k
∑
f (aij ,dij )j∈nhd (i )
k
∑i=1
n
∑
Energy distance
Lo, K. L. et. al, Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IET. 1(6) 904-911, 2007
Result
Transmission distance
Electricity consumption
1200 MWh 4000 km 10 %
Comprehensive system load
0 0 0
Result
Result
by energy distanceby consumption
676
66000
kt CO2
Regional greenhouse gas emissions allocated
30000
Conclusion
Network analysis on electric power grid
↳ Useful complement to LCA analysis
Transmission load adjusted allocation ↳ Consider both of electricity consumption and transmission distance
Re-allocate environmental impacts to users ↳ Life cycle assessment on GHG emissions ↳ Energy distance analysis ↳ Make the fair allocation possible
Acknowledgement
Thank you for your attention! Any question?
Prof. Petter Holme Fariba Karimi Heetae Kim Eun Lee Minjin Lee Prof. Sang Hoon Lee
National Research Foundation in Korea