Tissue is a cellular organizational

level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. Hence, a tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function.

The study of tissue is known

as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology.

Plant tissues Animal TissuesSince plants are stationary so they

do not require much energy, Hence

more living tissues are not required.

Since animals are mobile so they

require more energy, hence more

living tissues are required.

In plants, most tissues provide

structural strength. Most of these

tissues are dead

9can provide mechanical strength as

easily as the living ones and need

less maintenance.

Animals move from one place to

another in search of food, shelter

etc., hence they need more energy

and there more tissues are living.

Growth is limited to certain regions Cell growth is uniformally distributed

Structural organisation of organs is

comparatively less complex.

Structural organisation of organs and

organ systems is more specialised

and complex.

Plant Tissues

Meristimatic Tissues (These cells continuously divide throughout the life of the plant)

Apical Meristem

Lateral Meristem

Intercalary Meristem

Permanent Tissues(Cells with speciallised structure and function that have lost their

ability to divide further)

Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma

Complex Permanent Tissue

Xylem

Phloem

Meristematic tissue: Cells of this tissue continue to divide

throughout the life of the plant. Some of these cells lose their

ability to divide and become part of other tissues.

Name of the

tissue

Location Function

Apical Meristem Present at the growing tip of stem

and root

Increase in length of stem

and root

Lateral Meristem

(also called

cambium)

Found on the lateral sides of

roots and stem

Increase in girth of stem

and root

Intercalary

Meristem

Present at the base of leaves or

internodes

Growth of leaves and

branches

A longitudinal section through a growing shoot tip showing apical meristematic tissue. Note that the cells are small, have dense

cytoplasm, and are very tightly packed.

High power view of a longitudinal section of the Coleus apical

meristem. The apical meristem is a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells

at the tip of the shoot. The apical meristem will produce the three primary meristems: protoderm,

procambium, and ground meristem. These three meristemsin turn will produce new cells that

will differentiate into the epidermis, primary vascular

tissues, and ground tissues (pith and cortex).

A longitudinal section through a root tip. The meristematic tissue is located just above the root cap. This too is apical meristem; division of these cells followed by cell elongation results in the root growing

in length.

It is a cross section of a dicotstem. Focus on the two large vascular bundles in the centerof the slide. The xylem tissue is stained red. Just above the xylem is a layer of meristematic tissue, the vascular cambium.The phloem tissue is found outside of the vascular cambium.

This is a high-power view of a cross-section showing a lateral meristem, the vascular cambium, in the same plant shown in previous slide. Again, the xylem tissue is stained red, and the large cells on the top of the slide are phloem. The green brick-like cells between the xylem and phloem is the area in which the vascular cambium is located. The new cells produced by the cambium are initially like those of the cambium itself, but, as they grow and mature, their characteristics slowly change as they differentiate

into other tissues. The vascular cambium is a single layer of cells within this brick like region; it is responsible for the growth in diameter of a stem. The tissues produced by the vascular cambium are

secondary tissues.

Permanent tissue: Cells of this tissue have lost their ability to

divide and they have a specialized structure to perform

specific functions.

Based on the type of cells present in the tissue, the

Permanent tissue is divided into two categories:

Simple Permanent Tissue

and

Complex Permanent Tissue.

While the simple permanent tissue consist of only one type

of cells (eg. Parenchyma),

the complex permanent tissue consists of more than one

type of cells (eg. Xylem and phloem)

S i m p l e P e r m a n e n t T i s s u e s

ParenchymaStructure:It is the fundamental tissue composed of thin walled, living

cells whose cell wall is composed of cellulose. Small intercellular spaces

are present between the cells.

Location and function: It occurs in all soft parts of plants and is

meant for storage of food and to provide turgidity to softer parts of plants.

Parenchyma tissue in stem and roots store nutrients and water.

Types of parenchyma:

i) Chlorenchyma :Certain parenchymatous tissue contain chloroplast

and synthesize food by the process of photosynthesis.

ii) Aerenchyma: In aquatic plants parenchymatous cells have air cavities

between them to store air, such a tissue is called Aerenchyma. It provides

buoyancy to the aquatic plants so that they can float in water.

Collenchyma

Structure: This tissue is composed of somewhat elongated cells with

cell walls that are irregularly thickened at corners due to deposition of

cellulose or pectin. They may be oval, circular or polygonal. Very little

intercellular spaces are present.

Location: It occurs below the epidermis of stem and petiole (stalk of

the leaf) and around veins.

Function: This tissue provides mechanical support and flexibility and

in some cases it may possess chloroplasts to perform Photosynthesis.

The stem and leaves are able to bend easily and then come back to

their original position due to the presence of collenchyma.

Collenchyma in Transverse Section Showing

Wall Thickenings

1. Cell Wall

2. Wall Thickenings

3. Protoplasm

4. Vacuole

Sclerenchyma

Structure: It is a tissue of dead and thick walled cells, having no

intercellular spaces. The thickenings are of cellulose or lignin or both.

Several unlignified areas called pits often develop on walls.

Location: This tissue is usually found in the hard and stiff parts of the

plant like seed coat, husk of coconut, in the stem around vascular

bundles, veins of leaves and hard covering of fruits and nuts.

Function: It is the chief mechanical tissue in plants and is able to bear

push, pull, strain and shearing forces. It provides strength to plant

parts and also protects the delicate parts of the plants.

They are of two types: fibres and sclereids.

Sclerenchyma

Epidermis and BarkThe protective tissues

The epidermis usually consists of a single-layered group of cells that covers

plants leaves, flowers, roots and stems. It forms a boundary between the plant

and the external world.

Bark is formed from the meristem that appears later in the life cycle of a plant.

Woody stems and some other stem structures produce a secondary covering

called the secondary meristem or periderm or cork cambium that replaces the

epidermis as the protective covering.

The periderm replaces the epidermis, and acts as a protective covering like the

epidermis.

Cells produced on the outside by periderm form the cork. Cells of have suberin

in their walls to protect the stem from drying and pathogen attack. Older cork

cells are dead, as is the case with woody stems. As the stem grows, the cork

cambium produces new layers of cork which are impermeable to gases and

water.

A high-power view of one glandular hair. Secretory hairs may provide a chemical defense against insects.

Another type of surface tissue, the outer bark or periderm (stained red in this slide). Periderm is found on the surface of woody plants; it includes the cork cells on the

surface of older woody stems. The periderm replaces the epidermis in plants that have secondary growth. The cork cells are dead; it is their waterproofed cell walls that function as the protective outer covering of plants. Meristematic cells within the

periderm (cork cambium, the other lateral meristem) produce the cork cells.

C o m p l e x P e r m a n e n t T i s s u e s

Xylem and Phloem

It is a complex permanent

tissue, which is specialized

for the conduction of water

and mineral substances in

the plant body. Xylem is a

heterogenous tissue made

up of four different types of

cellular elements.

They are:

•Xylem tracheids

•Xylem tracheae or vessels

•Xylem fibers and

•Xylem parenchyma

Xylem

Phloem:

Phloem is a complex

permanent tissue, which is

specialized for the

conduction of food and

other organic substances.

Phloem is also a

heterogenous tissue, made

up of four different types of

cellular elements, namely,

•Sieve tubes

•Companion cells

•Phloem parenchyma and

•Phloem fibres

Multicellular (large) organisms function more efficiently if cells become specialized for specific functions.There are four types of tissues found in animals: epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue.

Sponges do not have tissues.

Epithelial tissue covers the

whole surface of the body. It is

made up of cells that are

closely packed and are

composed of one or more

layers. This tissue is

specialised to form the

covering or lining of all internal

and external body surfaces.

Epithelial tissue that occurs on

surfaces on the interior of the

body is known as

endothelium.

Epithelial tissue

Cellular arrangements in epithelial tissues. (a) Squamous. (b) Cuboidal. (c) Columnar. (d) Stratified squamous. (e) Pseudostratified. (f) Transitional.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Name of the Tissue

Structure Location Function

Simple SquamousEpithelium

Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates.The nucleus is flat and elliptical.

They form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, oesophagus, blood vessels, heart and lungs

Protection and transportation of substances through a selectively permeable surface.

Simple Stratified Epithelium

Cells are arranged in many layers and the top layers of this tissue may consist of dead cells that are covered with keratin (a protein)

The mammalian skin is an example of dry, keratinised, stratified epithelium.

Protection and to prevent wearand tear

CuboidalEpithelium

cuboidal cells are roughly square or cuboidal in shape. Each cell has a spherical nucleus in the centre

Cuboidal epithelium is found in glands and in the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands. They also constitute the germinal epithelium which produces the egg cells in the female ovary and the sperm cells in the male testes.

Protection and mechanical support

Columnar Epithelium

Cells occur in one or more layers. The cells are elongated and column-shaped. The nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells.

Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines. Some columnar cells are specialised for sensory reception such as in the nose, ears and the taste buds of the tongue.

Protection, absorption of food (in small intestine), secretion of enzymes

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

simple columnar epithelial cells, but in addition, they posses fine hair-like outgrowths, cilia on their free surfaces. These cilia are capable of rapid, rhythmic, wavelike beatings in a certain direction.

Ciliated epithelium is usually found in the air passages like the nose. It is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes of females.

This movement of the cilia in a certain direction causes the mucus, to move (flow or stream) in that direction. The movement of the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.

Glandular Epithelium

Columnar epithelium with goblet cells is called glandular epithelium. Some parts of the glandular epithelium consist of such a large number of goblet cells that there are only a few normal epithelial cells left.

Inner lining of stomach and salivary glands

specialised gland cells are capable of synthesising and secreting certain substances such as enzymes, hormones, milk, mucus, sweat, wax and saliva.

Connective Tissue

It is an animal tissue that is characterized by the abundance of

extracellular components (such as fibers and intercellular substances).

The tissue derives its name from its function in connecting, supporting,

surrounding or binding cells and tissues.

Connective tissue is composed of:

•cells

•extracellular matrix

Extracellular matrix is a special feature that distinguishes connective

tissue from the other tissues of the body. This matrix may be jelly-like,

fluid, dense or rigid. The nature of matrix differs according to the

function of that particular connective tissue.

Muscular tissue

Muscles of the body are made up of elongated muscle cells also known as muscle fibre. The movement of the body is brought about by the contraction and relaxation of contractile protein present in muscle cells. These contractile proteins are actin and myosin.

Nervous Tissue

All living cells have the ability to react to stimuli. Nervous tissueis specialised to react to stimuliand to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus. Nerve tissue (as in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves that branch throughout the body) are all made up of specialised nerve cells called neurons.

Neurons have many different shapes and

sizes. However, a typical neuron in a human

consists of four major regions: a cell body,

dendrites, an axon, and synaptic terminals.

Like all cells, the entire neuron is surrounded

by a cell membrane. The cell body is the

enlarged portion of a neuron that most

closely resembles other cells. It contains the

nucleus and other organelles (for example,

the mitochondria and endoplasmic

reticulum). The dendrites and axon are thin

cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron. The

dendrites, which branch out in treelike

fashion from the cell body, are specialized to

receive signals and transmit them toward the

cell body. The single long axon carries

signals away from the cell body.

In humans, a single axon may be as long as

1 meter (about 3 feet). Some neurons that

have cell bodies in the spinal cord have

axons that extend all the way down to the

toes.

A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons.