Forces & Particles

Gravity Matter

Magnetism Anti-Matter

Strong Nuclear Forces

Weak Nuclear Forces

EVERYTHINGEVERYTHING in the Universe can be divided up into . . .

Forces

Gravity Magnetism Acts on Acts on ALL matter charged particles

Always pulls Pulls or pushes Strong & weak Nuclear Forces hold the nucleus together

Forces

Gravity Magnetism Acts on Acts on ALL matter charged particles

Always pulls Pulls or pushes

Magnetism is about 1040 times more powerful than gravity.

10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

Particles

Matter anti-Matter

ee+1+1 ee-1-1

Example:

electron positron

Particles

Matter

PP+1+1 PP-1-1

Example:

Proton anti-Proton

anti-Matter

ProtonMade of 3 Quarks

1 up2 down

u

d

d

NeutronMade of 3 Quarks

2 up1 down

d

u

u

Can we see atoms?

magnesium atoms (white) above boron atoms (grey) seen by the transmission electron microscope

Photon a particle of light.

Electromagnetic radiation ALL light. Visible AND invisible visible light , x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, infrared.

Photon a particle of light

Laser

Electromagnetic radiation

A prism bends light.Different Colors are bent by different amounts.

White Light

ee-1-1 ee-1-1

.

Proton Electron Photon

Mass comparison

Proton is about2000 x electron

Electron is about1,000,000 x photon

DO everything be made of matter ?

What are the building blocks of matter ?

How many elements are there?

What B da opposite of a mixture ?

Experiment (candle/hot air balloon)

Proton Neutron Electron

The Atom

Nucleus

Electron shell / Electron cloud

The Atom

NucleusThe center of the atom. (it has protons & neutrons)

Electron shell / Electron cloud

Proton Neutron Electron

Mass 1 dalton 1 dalton 0.0005

Charge +1 0 -1

1 dalton = 1 a.m.u.

Proton Neutron Electron

S orbital (2 electrons maximum)

Proton Neutron ElectronP orbital (6 electrons maximum)

Proton Neutron ElectronP orbital (6 electrons max.)

d orbitals

yyxx

zzdd xx22-y-y22

zz

xxyy

dd xzxz zz

yy xx

dd xyxy

xxyy

zzdd yzyz

zz

yy xx

dd zz22

Proton Neutron Electron

S orbital P orbital

1st Shell of electrons

S orbital

2nd Shell of electrons

S orbital P orbital

3rd Shell of electrons

S orbital P orbital D orbital

2 6 10

4th Shell of electrons

s orbital p orbital d orbital f orbital

2 6 10 14

ElementAtom(s) having a specific number of Protons.

H

ElementsElements • Made of Made of atoms (basic unit of matter)atoms (basic unit of matter)• specific number of protons.specific number of protons.• Over 100Over 100

He

Li

Na

Be

Mg

B C N O F Ne

Al Si P S Cl Ar

Shell S subshell

P subshell

1 √√ xx

2 √√ √√3 √√ √√

1S2S2P3S3P

Hydrogen

Atomic NumberThe number of Protons

in an atom.

H1 +1

1.008

atomic happiness

Electronic Balance Zero charge FULL SHELL P orbital full (except He)

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Halogen

Neon Inert Gas

Noble Gas

Atom

HHeLiBe

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Atom

BCNO

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Atom

FNe

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

Atom

NaMgAlSi

Shells1S 2S 2P 3S

?

H HeLi Be B C N O F NeNa Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8The number of electrons

in the outside shell.

H1 +1

Atomic numberAtomic number(number of protons)(number of protons)

ChargeCharge

1.008

averageaverageAtomic Atomic weightweight

H2 1 +1

Atomic numberAtomic number(number of protons)(number of protons)

ChargeCharge(exact)(exact)Atomic Atomic weightweight

F9 -1

Atomic numberAtomic number(number of protons)(number of protons)

ChargeCharge

18.998

averageaverageAtomic Atomic weightweight

Isotopes

1H 2H 3H

H H

IsotopesAtoms of the same element (same number of protons) with a different number of neutrons.

C12 6

C13 6

Cuanto Neutrons tienen ?

12C 13C6 protons 6 protons

6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons

Isotopes

C12 6

C13 6

3 2 1 3 2 1

LegendProtonNeutronElectron

Isotopes

The rules:

The 1S orbital fills first1S , 2S , 2P , 3S , 3P

S only holds 2P only holds 6

Noble (inert) GasesNoble (inert) Gases Group #8 atoms Group #8 atomsP shell full P shell full

Very non-reactive Very non-reactive VERY happy VERY happy

MetalsMetalsExtra electronsExtra electronsConductiveConductiveMalleableMalleable

DenseDenseShinyShinyDuctileDuctile

You walk into science class and discover a pile of shiny, silvery objects on your desk. Your teacher tells the class they will need to identify the element in each sample using the periodic table. Where on the periodic table, will you likely need to start looking?

a. on the right hand sideb. on the left hand sidec. near the topd. near the bottom.

Metal an atom with 1-3 extra valence electrons.

Shiny Dense Malleable Ductile Electrical conductors Thermal conductors

KKNaNaCaCaMgMgAlAlMnMnCrCrFeFeCdCdSnSnPbPbCuCuHgHgAgAgAuAuPtPt

Reactivity of metalsReactivity of metalsRReeaaccttiivviittyy

mo reactive

mo

re

acti

ve

Individual metal atomswith free outer shell electrons

Metallic Bond the sharing of valence electrons by neighboring metal atoms.

Electricity - electrons moving through a metal wire.

Non-MetalsNon-Metalsmissing electronsmissing electronsNon-ConductiveNon-ConductiveNOT MalleableNOT MalleableDullDull

MetalloidsMetalloidsPartly conductivePartly conductive

States of Matter

There are 4 States of Matter (NOT really)

Solid

Liquid

Liquid

Hot LiquidLiquid

Gas

Plasma“Superheated Gas”

When atoms are so hot,they lose ALL

of their electrons.

BoilingBoiling

MeltingMeltingFreezingFreezing

CondensationCondensation

SublimationWhen a solidturns directly into a gas.

Dry ice issolid CO2

CondensationWhen a gasturns into into a liquid.

Dry ice issolid CO2

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Made ofAtomsHolds its shapeAtoms move past each other

The solid, liquid, and gaseous states of water differ from each other in

the mass of the individual atoms.

the size of the individual atoms.

the net electrical charge of the individual molecules.

the average speed of movement of the individual molecules.

Fireworks contain different elements in them for displaying different colors. The different colors occur because:

a.the different elements burn at different temperatures.

b.atoms of various elements react with each other differently.

c.atoms of various elements emit light at different frequencies.

d.atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons.

Li FIonic bond

21

21

Li FIonic bond

21

21

Li+1 F-1

Ionic bond

21

21

The attraction between a cation and an anion.

Crystal - a solid network of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds.

IonAn atom or molecule

with a + or – charge.

Cation an ion with a positive charge.

Anion an ion with a Negative charge.

A

ION

+

-

Cations

HH++ HydrogenHydrogenNaNa++ SodiumSodiumMgMg+2+2 MagnesiumMagnesiumCaCa+2+2 CalciumCalciumAgAg+2+2 SilverSilver

FeFe+2+2 Iron (II) FerrIron (II) FerrousousFeFe+3+3 Iron (III) FerrIron (III) FerricicCuCu+1+1 Copper (I) CuprCopper (I) CuprousousCuCu+2+2 Copper (II) CuprCopper (II) CupricicNHNH44

++ AmmoniumAmmonium

mo’ Cations

FF-1-1 FluorideFluorideClCl-1-1 ChlorideChlorideBrBr-1-1 BromideBromideII-1-1 IodideIodide

Anions

The Halogens

POPO44-3-3 PhosphatePhosphate

SiOSiO44-2-2 SilicateSilicate

SOSO44-2-2 SulfateSulfate

MoOMoO44-3-3MolybdateMolybdate

BB44OO77-2-2 BorateBorate

Anions OHOH-1-1 HydroxideHydroxideNONO22

-1-1 NitriteNitriteNONO33

-1-1 NitrateNitrate

Cathode Anode

NeverReadyNeverReadyNeverReadyNeverReady+ -

SALT - a Cation and an Anion held together by an ionic bond.

Solution Solvent SoluteH2O NaCl

SolVent SolUteThe chemical The chemicalin a solution in a solutionthat makes up that makes up the greatest part. the least part.

O

ER

NDER

Sol ent The chemical in a solution that makes up the greatest part.

V

Salt Solution

LegendCationAnionSaltWater

Solvent

Solute

Crystal

P+1

Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

P+1

Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

P+1 P+1

It’s like both atoms have a filled orbital.

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).

H2

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.

Li2

Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.

Cl2

MoleculeTwo or more atoms bonded together.

Compound Complex

A molecule with more than one element.

Common chemicals

H2O2

NH3

NaOHNaClO I2

Compound o molecule ?Compound o molecule ?

CombustibilityThe tendency to react with Oxygen O2 .

H + O2

C + O2

N + O2

O + O2

Si + O2

Fe + O2

Common Oxides

H2O

NO2

CO2

O3

SiO2

Fe2O3

Compound o molecule ?Compound o molecule ?

Nuclear Chemical Physical

Reaction Types

Protons& Neutronschange

Bondsmade/ broken

Electrons exchanged

No change in atoms

phase change

light emission/ absorption

Nuclear

Reaction Types

Change in the Gain or lose Protons , Neutrons,

Alpha, Beta particle Fission, Fusion, Radiation

Proton Neutronnucleus

Chemical

Reaction Types

Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma

P+1 P+1

21

Li+1

evidence of Chemical Change: development of a gas formation of precipitate change in color

NOT a Chemical Change:

crystalization sublimation fluorescence

more evidence of a Chemical Change:

lightfire

http://webmineral.com/help/FlameTest.shtml

Flame Test

Precipitate

formation of insoluble ionic compounds.

You get up in the morning and make toast for breakfast. You notice the color changes from light to dark. Later on that day in science class, your teachers asks for every day examples of physical and chemical changes.

Should you volunteer your toast as an example of a physical or chemical change?

Why?

Lucy noticed that her coin collection had begun to tarnish. Some of the metal in the coins had begun to change color. The formation of tarnish is most similar to which of the following changes?

shredding a piece of paper into hundreds of tiny strips

dropping a dinner plate on the floor

melting ice cubes in a glass of juice

burning a piece of paper to ashes in a fireplace

Decomposition

Simple Reactions

Synthesis(Combination)

SingleReplacement

DoubleReplacement

Decomposition

Synthesis

SingleReplacement

DoubleReplacement

A B A B+

A BA B +

A BA B +C+ C

A BAB +C+ CD D

Decomposition

Synthesis

SingleReplacement

DoubleReplacement

A B A B+

A BA B +

A BA B +C+ C

A BAB +C+ CD D

A displacement reaction:metallic copper with silver nitrate

Cu + Ag NO3

Ag + Cu(NO3)2

Balancing equations

Ag + Cl2 AgCl

1 2 1 1

Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.

2

2 2

Ag + Cl2 AgCl

1 2 1 1

Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.

2

2 2

2

2

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O

1 2 1 24 2 1

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O

1 2 1 24 2 1

2

24

CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O

1 2 1 24 2 1

2

24

2

4

Ag + Cl2 AgCl

1 2 1 1

Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.

Physical

Reaction Types

No change in atoms / molecules phase change (gas, liquid, solid) light emission/absorption Dissolving Electrons passing through metals

Pure substance Mixture

Pure substance vs. MixtureOnly ONE element has 2 or more or compound. elements/(distilled water) compounds.

A chocolate chip cookie is an example of a _______, because ______________.

a. compound, the ingredients are chemically bonded.

b. compound, it is the same throughout.

c. mixture, you can separate out the chips.

d. mixture, you cannot distinguish between the ingredients.

Distilled water

Air is a mixture of several gases. Name Formula amount

Nitrogen N2 78 %

Oxygen O2 21 %

Argon Ar 1 %

Carbon CO2 0.03 %

Dioxide

Air is a mixture of several gases Name Formula amount

Neon Ne 0.002 %

Methane CH4 0.0002 %

Helium He 0.000524 %

Krypton Kr 0.000114 %

Hydrogen H2 0.00005 %

Xenon Xe 0.0000087 %

Nitrogen, Oxygen and Helium are pure substances in a gaseous state.

Atoms are NOT the same as molecules. Air and oxygen are NOT the same. Helium and hot air are NOT the same.

Helium and hot air are NOT the same.

Diffusion the natural mixing of two substances. It is caused

by random molecular motion.

Beta Particle(Electron)

Positronemission

Radioactivity

Alpha

Particle

Gamma Particle(light)

Gamma Particle (light)

Beta Particle

(Electron)

Alpha Particle2 Protons

2 Neutrons

Radioactivityradioactive particles and rays

Radioactive decayRadioactive decayRadioactivity

Change in the nucleus of an atom

Loss of an Alpha, Beta, or Gamma particle

Alphaemission

Changes atomicWeight

2P 2N

Betaemission

Neutronturns intoa Proton

electron

Gammaemission

light

Radioactivity3 forms of 3 forms of Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay

It’s time to learn about . . .

H1.008

1

Avogadro asked . . .

Q: If ONE Hydrogen atom weighs 1.008 daltons,

how many Hydrogen atoms would it take to weigh 1.008 grams ?

Answer: 6.023 x 1023 that many

602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000

Na22.990

11

Q: If ONE Sodium atom weighs 22.99 daltons,

how many Sodium atoms would it take to weigh 22.99 grams ?

What does one Mole of Lithium atoms weigh ?

What does one Mole of Carbon atoms weigh ?

What does one Mole of Water molecules weigh ?

What does one Mole of O2 molecules weigh ?

Six munths ago

I cudnt evun spelt chemissed. An now I are one.

© 2007 Dr. Jacob Israel

All Rights Reserved