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1
Smart City Principles
Leader Urban Planning and Design LAB
Director SmartCityStudio.comHead of the Faculty of Urban Planning in AmsterdamLecturer at Delft University of Technology
Rogier van den Berg
UN-HABITAT IN THE WORLD
2
UN-Habitat in the world
Asia & Pacific Regional Office, Fukuoka
Latin America & the Caribbean (LAC) Regional Office, Rio de Janeiro
Headquarters, Nairobi
Liaison Office, New York
Liaison Office, Geneva
Liaison Office, Brussels
In addition to our main offices, UN-Habitat is present
in at least 50 countries through a network of Habitat Program Managers (HPMs),
Chief Technical Advisors (CTAs) and project staff.
3
HOW WE ARE ORGANIZED
4
5
Johannesburg, South Africa
Rubavu, Rwanda
Al-Alamein, Egypt
Kisumu, Kenya
Wuzhou, China
La Candelaria, Colombia
Nyagatare Rwanda
Ningo-Prampram, Ghana
Santa Marta, Colombia
City-wide Strategy
Planned City Extension
New Town
Planned City Extension
City-wide Strategy
Planned City Infill / Urban Renewal
Planned City Extension
Planned City Extension
Planned City Extension
Selection of projects in development
6
20th Century Urban Development Model not sustainable
• Rapid unmanaged and unplanned urban growth• Slums and Housing Backlog• Urban infrastructure and services backlog• Urban Sprawl
• Car Dependency• High level of zoning• Homogeneity • Segregation and exclusion• Loss of Street Life• High energy demand and emission of greenhouse gases• Increasing number of urban disasters
Business as Usual vs Smart Urban Development
Urban Sprawl -> Compactness
Segregation -> Integration
Congestion -> Connectivity
8
1. ADEQUATE SPACE FOR STREETS AND PUBLIC SPACE IN AN EFFICIENT STREET NETWORK- 30-35% to the street 15-20% public space / 50 % plots.- At least 18 km of street length. - At least 80 crossings per km2
2.MIXED LAND USE- At least 40 percent of floor space allocated to economic use- Limited land-use specialization; single use blocks should cover less than 10% of any neighborhood
3.SOCIAL MIX- 20-50% of residential area should be low cost housing- Each tenure type should be not more than 50% of the total
4.ADEQUATE DENSITYAt least 15.000 people per km2, that is 150 people/ha
5.CONNECTIVITYEmphasis on walking distances and public transport
5PRINCIPLES
21st Century Urban Development Model
9 Tehran, Iran
10 Accra, Ghana
11 Medellin, Colombia
12
13
Urban Challenges:Global Urbanization Rates (2010)
1414
The general decline in built-up area densities in 25 representatives cities
Source: Making Room for a Planet of cities
Urban Challenges:Density Decline
Daily Trips vs. Population Density
Reduce need to travel through proximity
Mosco
w
Auckl
and
Sain
t Pet
ersb
urg
Phoe
nix
Calga
ry
Copen
hage
n
Los Ang
eles
Helsin
ki
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.
Bruss
els
Sydn
ey
Melbo
urne
Athen
s
Montre
al
Amst
erda
m
Paris
Lond
on
Barce
lona
Toro
nto
New Y
ork
5.0
15.0
25.0
35.0City core Sub-urban areas
Cities
Perc
enta
ge o
f Land a
llocate
d t
o s
treet
Land allocated to streets (LAS) in cities Europe, N-America & Oceania
Land Allocated to Streets
New York: 35%Amsterdam: 28%
LA: 23%
Bangu
i
Yere
van
Dhaka
Dar e
s Sal
aam
Kigal
i
Accra
Nairo
bi
Ouaga
doug
ou
Georg
etow
n
Alexa
ndria
Guate
mal
a City
Dodom
a
Addis A
baba
Lago
s
Dakar
Abuja
Kolko
ta
Mumba
i
Manila
La P
az
Joha
nnes
burgCai
ro
Chand
igar
h
Bangk
ok
Casab
lanc
a
Brasil
ia
Beijin
g
Sao
Paul
o
Sing
apor
e
Guada
laja
ra
Mexico
City
Bogot
a
Medel
lin
Cape
Town
Toky
o
Hong
Kong
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0City Core
Sub-Urban
Cities
Perc
enta
ge o
f Land a
llocate
d t
o s
treet
Land Allocated to Streets
Land allocated to streets (LAS) in cities Africa, Asia and Latin America
New York: 35%Amsterdam: 28%
LA: 23%
Tokyo: 30%Bangkok: 17%
Dar es Salaam: 10%
NOW: Average ‘Block’ = 10 ha, while the average block for a pedestrian friendly city = 0.5 - 1.0 ha
Case study of how more street space and crossings per square km changes the development pattern
20
PlannedCity
ExtensionPCE
Bralirwa
Serena
petite barriere
grande barriere
stadium
RUGERERO
RUBAVU
GISENYI
KANAMA
NYUNDO
NYAKILIBA
NYAMYUMBA
Pfunda
genocide memorial
Mount Rubavu
to Kigali
Rubavu, Rwanda, Africa
THREE LEGGED APPROACH
1. Rules and Regulations
2. Urban Design
3. Financial Plan
Form that generates value. Good rules and regulations and a financial plan that manages value and attracts
investment.
FINANCIAL PLAN
URBAN DESIGN
23 New York 1891
24 New York 2014
25 Ouagadougou 1980
26 Ouagadougou 2014
Villa El Salvador, Equador
29 Shanghai 1983
30 Shanghai 2008
Myanmar 2015
THREE LEGGED APPROACH
1. Rules and Regulations
2. Urban Design
3. Financial Plan
Form that generates value. Good rules and regulations and a financial plan that manages value and attracts
investment.
FINANCIAL PLAN
URBAN DESIGN
33
1. ADEQUATE SPACE FOR STREETS AND PUBLIC SPACE IN AN EFFICIENT STREET NETWORK- 30-35% to the street 15-20% public space / 50 % plots.- At least 18 km of street length. - At least 80 crossings per km2
2.MIXED LAND USE- At least 40 percent of floor space allocated to economic use- Limited land-use specialization; single use blocks should cover less than 10% of any neighborhood
3.SOCIAL MIX- 20-50% of residential area should be low cost housing- Each tenure type should be not more than 50% of the total
4.ADEQUATE DENSITYAt least 15.000 people per km2, that is 150 people/ha
5.CONNECTIVITYEmphasis on walking distances and public transport
5PRINCIPLES
21st Century Urban Development Model
34 Medellin, Colombia
5 Principles
+
3 Legged Approach
+
New Technologies
35
36
Smart City Principles
Leader Urban Planning and Design LAB
Director SmartCityStudio.comHead of the Faculty of Urban Planning in AmsterdamLecturer at Delft University of Technology
Rogier van den Berg
37
Smart City Principles
5 Principles for Sustainable Urban Development
+
3 Legged Approach
+
New Technologies
38
39
40 The link between urban growth and economic growth is not guaranteed.
41
Public Space: 12% Public Space: 11%Public Space: 39% Public Space: 20%
42
19031929196619852000
Source: Atlas of Urban Expansions, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
ACCRA
TEMA
PRAMPRAM
ACCRA GROWTH
43
44
45
46
47
48
URBAN EXPANSIONCURRENTLY OBSERVED EXPANSION
source: Google Maps 2015
Projected population Accra 2025: 4.228.000, UN Habitat 2014, State of African Cities
49
2025
2035
2045
50