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| 455
Introduction – New issues…
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
Mobility • Pervasive service provisioning• Context-aware services• Pervasive service provisioning• Context-aware services
Social Interaction
• Web - Production of community-based knowledge• Intranets - Better decision-making and greater
profitability
• Web - Production of community-based knowledge• Intranets - Better decision-making and greater
profitability
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Introduction – Reasons to apply semantics
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
Improve discovery protocolsMobility• Overcome expressivity limitations of traditional discovery models• Enable automated reasoning about interacting entities
Overcome existing boundariesSocial interactions• Create bridges between isolated communities of users and their data• Social Semantic Web = network of interlinked and semantically-rich knowledge
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Different layers of interoperability
• Concerns bottom layers of ISO/OSI network hierarchy;• Solved through hardware standards (Ethernet) and protocols (TCP/IP and HTTP).
Physical interoperabilityPhysical interoperability
• Concerns the syntactic form of exchanged messages;• Realized through XML and syntactic standards (HTML, WSDL, SOAP)
Syntactic interoperabilitySyntactic interoperability
• Concerns the meaning of messages and Web pages;• Allows automatic machine processing of information (selection, composition,
reasoning).
Semantic interoperabilitySemantic interoperability
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Ontologies as building bricks for the Semantic Web
• An extension of the current Web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation(T. Berners-Lee, J.A. Hendler, O. Lassila, “The Semantic Web”, Scientific American, vol. 284, no. 5, pp. 34-43, May 2001)
Semantic WebSemantic Web
• Explicit and shared specification of a conceptualization of a given knowledge domain (T. R. Gruber. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. Presented at the Padua workshop on Formal Ontology, March 1993)
OntologyOntology
From taxonomy to ontologyFrom taxonomy to ontology
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Flavors of semantic interoperability
• Minimal shared amount of information – the fact expressed in the statement itself• Enabled by RDF (Resource Description Format)• Ex: Object “Paris” is related to object “France” by “being its capital”.
Minimal semantic interoperabilityMinimal semantic interoperability
• Minimal set of beliefs on what two agents may infer after having exchanged a sentence• Enabled by RDF Schema• Ex: Shared ontology defining that capitals are cities, capitals are unique, etc.
Extended semantic interoperabilityExtended semantic interoperability
• Lower bound + upper bound on what agents may not believe after exchanging a sentence• Enabled by OWL (Web Ontology Language)• Ex: OWL shared ontology forbidding the belief of Grenoble is also a French capital.
Full semantic interoperabilityFull semantic interoperability
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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RDF Ressource Description Framework
� An RDF document is structured as an ensemble of triplets
� An RDF triplet is an association {subject, predicate, object}
� An RDF document is a labeled and oriented graph.
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
Object – Author ROX639
Subject – Document no42305http://www.gsem.fr/documents#D42305
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OWL Web Ontology Language
� Extension of RDF/RDFS languages
� Adds new concepts
� Specialization of RDF constructs
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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SPARQL – Simple Protocol And RDF Query Language
• SELECT – retrieve information based on a particular pattern
• CONSTRUCT – create an RDF graph based on RDF input
• ASK – identify if a particular query pattern can be matched on the queried RDF graph
• DESCRIBE – identify all triples related to the particular object that must be described.
Query formsQuery forms
• SPARQL 1.1 Query – adds support for aggregates, sub-queries, projected expressions, and negation
• SPARQL 1.1 Update – provides operations to update, create and remove RDF graphs in a Graph Store
• SPARQL 1.1 Federation Extensions – defines the syntax and semantics of a SPARQL 1.1 Query extension for executing distributed queries over different endpoints
Latest add-onsLatest add-ons
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Mobile Semantic Web tools
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
XML ParsersXML Parsers
kXMLkXML
NanoXMLfor J2MENanoXMLfor J2ME
RDF Frameworks
RDF Frameworks
Mobile RDFMobile RDF
µJenaµJena
AndrojenaAndrojena
SMADSMAD
Query and persistence frameworks
Query and persistence frameworks
RDF On the GoRDF On the Go
SWIPSWIP
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Examples of applications
2008• Context-aware semantic web service discovery
2008• Context-aware semantic web service discovery
2009 DBpedia Mobile• Location-aware Linked Data browser
2009 DBpedia Mobile• Location-aware Linked Data browser
2011Siri / Iris• Contextual, semantic, personalized search engine
2011Siri / Iris• Contextual, semantic, personalized search engine
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
Prototype application for Android-based mobile phones
Evaluate the feasibility of semantic discovery for mobile phones
Context-aware semantic web service discovery19
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Example – Extending OWL-S for context-aware
semantic Web service discovery – 1
20
ServiceService
ServiceProfileServiceProfile
ServiceModelServiceModel
ServiceGrounding
ServiceGrounding
ServiceContextServiceContext
ECommerceService
xsd:float
InformationService
…Emergency
Service
xsd:boolean
hasValue*
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Example – Extending OWL-S for context-aware
semantic Web service discovery – 2
1
2
3 4
1
2 3
4
5
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Example – Extending OWL-S for context-aware
semantic Web service discovery – 3
1
23
4
5
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Example – Extending OWL-S for context-aware
semantic Web service discovery – 4
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Example – Extending OWL-S for context-aware
semantic Web service discovery – 5
0 500 1000 1500 2000
1
1
3
5
10
67
68
201
335
788
199
174
483
834
1648
Time of execution (in ms)
Nu
mb
er
of
serv
ices
Premier test Deuxième test
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
Exploring the Geospatial Semantic Web with a Location-Enabled Linked Data Browser
DBpedia Mobile25
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Application example – DBpedia Mobile
27
Main features Illustration
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Siri – A Virtual Personal Assistant
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
1966• SRI recruited by DoD
1966• SRI recruited by DoD
2003-2007• CALO program (DARPA funded)
2003-2007• CALO program (DARPA funded)
2007• Foundation of Siri
2007• Foundation of Siri
June 2009• Tom Gruber presentation of Siri
June 2009• Tom Gruber presentation of Siri
05/02/2010• Siri launched on iTunes Store
05/02/2010• Siri launched on iTunes Store
29/04/2010• Apple buys Siri
29/04/2010• Apple buys Siri
04/10/2011• Siri part of iOS5
04/10/2011• Siri part of iOS5
Does things for the user…Functionalities•Multi-criteria vertical search and browse•Various sources of information with integrated transactions and social communication:•Web services and APIs – set of service providers•Domain and task semantic models – grammar analyzer•Guided dialog – speech-to-text analyzer
… but not anythingLimitations•Can only perform a limited set of key tasks•Can only understand words and sentences that pertain to key tasks•Uses a simple semantic task model to map language to actions•No deep parsing - the model does simple keyword matching and slot filling
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Android voice assistants
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
Uses inference
EviEvi
Pulls information from True Knowledge
IrisIris
Publishes directly into Google calendar or Evernote
SpeakToItSpeakToIt
Can be set to listen at launch + email/text reader
VlingoVlingo
Mostly for directions and reminders
SkyviSkyvi
Google voice recognition
EdwinEdwin
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Social networks limitations
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
• User is required to re-enter profile and redefine social connections when registering for each new social site.
Repeated registrationsRepeated registrations
• Obtain a complete set of content items that a person has created on all the sites that they are registered on ?
• Find all the content created by a group of like-minded users in a distributed set of sites ?
Published contentPublished content
• The same information is repeated on different sites• Relevant parts of information are distributed across several sites
Information duplication and distributionInformation duplication and distribution
• View such conversations across several community sites ?
Distributed discussionsDistributed discussions
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Semantic vocabularies for interlinking online
communities
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
FOAF – 2000 FOAF – 2000
Vocabulary for describing:• Characteristics of people and social groups,
• The things they create and do.
SIOC – 2004 SIOC – 2004
Integration of online community information• Semantic Web ontology for representing rich data from the Social Web in RDF
SKOS – 2004 SKOS – 2004
Common data model for knowledge organization systems (thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading systems and taxonomies)• Explores the problem of describing topics, categories, "folksonomies" and subject hierarchies.
RDFa – 2008 RDFa – 2008
Set of XHTML attributes to augment visual data with machine-readable hints
OpenGraph – 2008 OpenGraph – 2008
Uses <meta> tag markup to deliver a comprehensive view of a web entity within a user’s social graph. • Based on RDFa• May include geographic information and contact details.
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Interlinking online communities with RDFa
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
One Person, Many User AccountsOne Person, Many User Accounts
Unified CommunitiesUnified Communities
Virtual ForumsVirtual Forums
http://www.facebook.com/anaroxin http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#UserAccountrdf:type
http://www.facebook.com/anaroxin#me
sioc:account_of
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Personrdf:type
http://example.org/forums/metal http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#Forumrdf:type
#post
sioc:container_of
http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#Postrdf:type
_:resource1 http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#Communityrdf:type
_:resource2
dcterms:hasPart
http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#Siterdf:type
sioc:space_of
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Example: Twitris 2.0 Semantic Social Web application
http://twitris.knoesis.org/events/ows
Home page
Sentiment analysis
Browse by location
Network analysis
Real-timeSearch
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Social Web + Semantic Web = Giant Global Graph
Social Web• Authoring• Architecture of participation• Collaboration• Browsing interfaces• Mash-ups
Semantic Web• Unified representations (RDF)• Metadata and vocabularies (SIOC, FOAF)• Ontology languages (OWL)• Unified queries (SPARQL)
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Benefits of adding semantics to existing data
Web of
data
Connect data in a more meaningful way
Perform more specific queries
Linked data
Related data
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
Contact information: [email protected] | 0033.6.68.79.51.54
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Example – DBpedia Relation Finder
http://www.visualdataweb.org/relfinder/relfinder.php
Ana ROXIN – [email protected]
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Semantic Learning Content Management System (SLCMS)
� Noyau Sémantique� Règles� Logique� Requête� Raisonneur
� Modules Sémantiques� Productivité� Collaboration� Présentation course� Contrôle des connaissances� Communication� Administration
Noyau
Sémantique
Ressources LOM-RDF
LDAP Sémantique
AgendaSémantique
Marque-pageSémantique
Forum Sémantique
Wiki Sémantique
Blog Sémantique
Co
nce
pts
Répon
se
RDF
RDF
RDFS RDF
des concepts _
Logiques Règles
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Les ontologies Quiz et LMD
Formation Semester Year
Mention
Learning Path Domain
Group
SectionUnit
Question
StudentCourse
Specialisation
Variant
Quiz Author
Pending Quiz
Configuration Competence
hasSemester
hasFormation
hasSemester
hasFormation
hasMention
hasMention
hasDomainhasSpecialisation
hasSpecialisation
hasUnit
hasGroup
hasCourse
hasQuiz
hasCourse
hasQuiz
hasPendingQuiz
hasQuiz
hasQuestion
hasVariant hasConfiguration hasCompetence
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L’architecture d’application Quiz sémantique
l‘Enseignant Administrateur Étudiant
Couche données
Couche logique
Couche présentation
Adobe Flex
Affichage
Gestionnaire d'événement FlexQuestionQuestion ……
CourseCourseQuizQuiz
Flex Data Services
QuestionQuestion ……
CourseCourseQuizQuizGestionnaire d'événement Java
Constructeur RDF Constructeur RDF Constructeur SPARQLConstructeur SPARQL J2EE
Stockage de donnéesMySQLNumériquesRessources Numériques
Protocole RTMP
Connecteurs de données