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LIGHT
When the light ray travels from air to water, the refracted ray bends towards the normal.
i
r
air
water
Incident ray
Refracted ray
normal
i – angle of incidence
r– angle of refraction
LIGHT
When the light ray travels from water to air, the refracted ray bends away from the normal.
i
rair
water
Incident ray
Refracted ray
normal
i – angle of incidence
r– angle of refraction
LIGHT
During refraction, light bends first on passing
from air to glass and again on passing from
the glass to the air.
LIGHT
During refraction, light bends first on passing
from air to glass and again on passing from
the glass to the air.
i
r
Incident ray
Emergent ray
Refracted ray
Reflected rayair
air
glass
LIGHT
Light slows down when it enters an optically denser medium. The refracted ray bends towards the normal when the second medium is optically more dense than the first.
i
r
air
water
Incident ray
Refracted ray
normal
LIGHT
Light speeds up when it enters an optically less dense medium. The refracted ray bends away from the normal when the second medium is optically less dense than the first.
air
water i
r
Incident ray
Refracted ray
normal
LIGHT
Among the 3 transparent mediums (air, water and glass), glass has the highest optical density.
air
water
i 1
r 1
Incident ray
Refracted ray
glass
i 2
r 2
Refracted ray
air
water
i 1
r 1
Incident ray
glass
i 2
r 2
Refracted ray
Refracted ray
LIGHT
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
For two given media, the ratio sin i ÷ sin r is a constant,
where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle
of refraction
LIGHT
i
r
air
water
Incident ray
Refracted ray
normal
Refractive Index, n =
sin i
sin r
LIGHT
The higher the optical density, the greater the refractive index. The greater the refractive index, the
greater the bending of light towards the normal.
air
water
i 1
r 1
Incident ray
Refracted ray
glass
i 2
r 2
Refracted ray
air
water
i 1
r 1
Incident ray
glass
i 2
r 2
Refracted ray
Refracted ray
LIGHT
If light is incident upon a piece of glass (refractive index 1.52) at an angle of 45o, what is the angle of
refraction?
LIGHT
Given that the refractive index of water is 1.33, calculate the angle of refraction when the incident
ray comes in at 60o to the normal.
60 o
r
air
water
Solutionn = sin i
sin r
1.33 = sin 60 o
sin r
s in r =
sin 60 o
1.33
r = 40.6 o
LIGHT
When light travels from a less dense medium to a
denser medium…
n = sin isin r
i
r
a ir
water
When light travels from a denser medium to a less
dense medium…
n = sin rs in i
i
rair
water
LIGHT
The figure shows light travelling from water into the air. The ray is incident upon the boundary at 30o. What is the angle of
refraction if the refractive index of water is 1.33?
30 o
rair
water
Solution
n sin rsin i=
1.33 sin 30 o
sin r=
sin r= 1.33sin 30 o
r =
41.9 o
LIGHT
Other ways of calculating the refractive index…
Refractive index, n =
Speed of light in vacuum / air
Speed of light in medium
=
c
v
LIGHT
The critical angle is the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction is 90o.
When i = critical angle,c r = 90o.
LIGHT
This is called TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION.
When i > critical angle, the ray gets reflected internally.
LIGHT
For TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION to take place:
The light ray must travel from an optically denser medium towards a less dense one.
The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.
Direction of light path
i
LIGHT
We know that when light travels from a less
dense medium to a denser medium
Refractive Index, n =
sin r
sin i
We know that when light travels from a denser medium to a less dense medium
Refractive Index, n =
sin r
sin i
LIGHT
How do we calculate the critical angle?
We know that r = 90o…
Refractive Index, n =
sin rsin i
n =sin csin 90o
=sin c
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