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POSTHARVEST LOSSES IN THE CARIBBEAN: PROGRESS
AND CHALLENGES IN QUANTIFICATION, CAUSES, SOLUTIONS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Majeed Mohammed, Kelvin Craig, Vyjayanthi Lopez and Joseph Mpagalile
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• Overview of postharvest losses and food wastage in the Caribbean,
• FAO postharvest losses methodology,
• Quantification and causes of postharvest losses in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and St. Lucia: cassava, mango and tomato,
• Innovative approaches to reduce postharvest losses of cassava, mango and tomato,
• Economic analysis of losses,
• Capacity building and training on postharvest technology and marketing in 13 Caribbean islands.
2
3
One-third or more of all the global food produced never makesit from the farm to our fork. Measured as a country, food wastewould be the third largest for greenhouse gas emissions,according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization whichrevised upward its estimated carbon footprint of food waste toa staggering 3.6 gigatons of carbon dioxide.
Unfortunately, this massive amount offood never made it from the farm,spoiled in transport due to inefficientrefrigeration systems, was deemed“ugly” and unsellable and thereforethrown away, or was discarded by peoplein homes around the world who didn’tuse or want it after all.
Objectives• To systematically assess and characterize the cassava, mango and tomato
value chains in Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and St. Lucia using field basedmeasurements at the farm, wholesale and retail markets.
• To identify where quality changes and postharvest losses occur and to measureand categorise the level of deterioration and their causes at various critical losspoints (CLPs), and more importantly, to determine where realistic solutionsexist for reducing these losses in the value chain.
6
CASSAVA PRODUCER
↓Harvest
Cassava
7 – 12 months
↓
Field selection
↓
Packing in bag,
crates
↓
Load on
transport
vehicle
Transport
Soak overnight
in 700ppm
chlorinated water
↓
Power wash
to remove dirt
↓
Rinse in 700ppm
Chlorinated
water
↓
Cut into logs
↓
Seal package
↓
Freeze at -18°C
RETAILER↓
Wash
↓
Storage
↓
Grade
↓
Moist
Medium
RETAIL
MARKET
WHOLESALE
MARKET
WHOLESALER
RETAILMARKET
PROCESSORFlakes, cubes, farine, flour,
puree, starch, gari, chips,
cassareep, pone mix
CONSUMER
NA
TIO
NA
L P
AC
KIN
GH
OU
SE
CLP#1
CLP#2
CLP#3
Table 1. Postharvest losses of cassava at farmer/retailer in Trinidad
Critical Loss Postharvest losses (%) Farmer/RetailerPoints (CLP) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(%) Physical Physiological Pathological Losses Quality
--------------------- and scoreVS-1 VS-11 Entomological
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Field Harvest 1.5cd 0.0a 0.0a 2.0de 3.5g 1.5cdCLP#1
Packhouse 1.0bc 0.0a 1.0bc 1.5cd 3.5g 2.0deCLP#2
Retail MarketingCLP#3: Day 2 0.5ab 1.0bc 0.0a 0.5ab 2.0de 2.5efDay 4 1.0bc 1.0bc 1.0bc 2.0de 5.0i 3.0fgDay 6 1.0bc 1.5cd 2.5ef 1.0bc 6.0j 3.5g
Losses 5.0i 3.5g 4.5hj 7.0k 20.0l------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Farmer who retails at municipal, roadside or mobile marketsData taken from 2-3 bags (84-96 lbs) x 10 timesAmbient conditions: 28-32C and 65-75% RH.VS: Vascular Streaking. Quality score: 1-5 with 1= excellent, 2= good, 3= satisfactory , 4= poor.
Postharvest losses of tomatoes
CLP#1 CLP#2 CLP#3 Total losses
Trinidad &Tobago 7 8 12 27
Guyana 11 10.5 12.5 34
St. Lucia 7 8 5 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Post
harv
est
loss
es %
TT and Guyana
CLP#1: Harvest; CLP#2:
Packhouse; CLP#3: Retail
Market
St. Lucia
CLP#1: W/Sale Co-op.;
CLP#2:
Mkg. Board Retail Outlet;
CLP#3: Retail Market
23
Physical damages: Trinidad and Tobago = 5%; Guyana = 9.5%; St. Lucia = 8%
Secondary infection from finger nail damage
Secondary infection from compression
Secondary infection from abrasions and bruises
25
Physiological losses: Trinidad and Tobago = 8.5%; Guyana = 7.5%; St. Lucia = 4%
Catface
Puffiness, poor seed set due to poor pollination
Desiccation and CI pitting
Desiccation26
Blossom end rot
Pathological and Entomological losses: Trinidad and Tobago = 13.5%;Guyana = 17%; St. Lucia = 8%
Stink bug damage
Silver leaf whitefly Tomato fruit worm
White fly infection
Tomato fruit wormCloudy spot from stink bug damageBlack mold via skin wound
Yellow shoulder
29
INTER ISLAND TRADE
POSTHARVEST LOSSES: 20 – 40%, CSAM, (La Gra, 1990)
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOSSES
DUE TO TRANSPORTATION:
1. CONTAINERS –
a. NO VENTILATION HOLES
b. VARIATION IN SIZES AND SHAPES
c. POOR STACKING STRENGTH
2. INADEQUATE INSULATION BETWEEN CARGO AND ENGINE COMPARTMENT
3. SHIPPED IN UNVENTILATED AND NON-REFRIGERATED SPACE
4. ROUGH HANDLING
CALCULATING ECONOMIC LOSS
•The value of annual production per crop for each
country was multiplied by the associated CLPs to
obtain the economic loss at each CLP.
•Economic loss at each CLP was summarized to
obtain total economic loss for each commodity in
each country.
CALCULATING ECONOMIC LOSS - CASSAVA
In Trinidad and Tobago, the assessment revealed a
PHL of 20.0% for farmers who retailed cassava at the
public, roadside or mobile markets and total
economic loss was calculated at US$500,000.
In the case of Guyana, postharvest losses of cassava
were 23.0% for farmers who retailed at the public,
roadside or mobile markets. This was equivalent to a
total economic loss estimated at US$839,619.
CALCULATING ECONOMIC LOSS - MANGOES
Postharvest losses of fresh table ripe mangoes inTrinidad and Tobago, Guyana and St. Lucia totalled17%, 32% and 23% respectively.These postharvest losses were equivalent to totaleconomic loss of US$13,286, US$901,798 andUS$82,483 respectively.
CALCULATING ECONOMIC LOSS - TOMATOES
Similarly postharvest losses of tomatoes measured atthe end of the postharvest handling system inTrinidad and Tobago, Guyana and St. Lucia were 27%,34% and 20%.Corresponding economic losses were US$1.9 million,US$7.9 million and US$166,579.
SUMMARY
• When the physical losses for each crop were valued,economic losses were significant.
• In the case of cassava, economic losses totaled US$1.3Million for Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana
• Total economic loss across all three countries (Trinidad andTobago, Guyana and St Lucia) for mangoes wasapproximately U$998,000 and for tomatoes was US$9.9Million.