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Towards implementing Agenda 2030
Anna KnollPolicy Officer, ECDPM
The Hague, 21 January 2016
Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development
and the SDGs
I. Transition from MDGs to SDGs and PCD to PCSDA) A new global development frameworkB) From PCD to PCSD in the post-2015 context
II. Implementation of PC(S)D – Lessons learned and challenges
III. What way forward with Agenda 2030?
IV. Open Questions and Discussion (30 min)
Agenda
Page 2ECDPM
(45 min)
I. Transition from MDGs to SDGs, from PCD to PCSD
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A) A new global Development Framework
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8 Goals; 18 Targets; 48 indicators
17 Goals; 169 Targets; 300+ indicators
What is different this time?
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• Transformative
• Integrated: 3 Dimensions of Sustainability
• Universality
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A Universal framework
Integrated Nature of the SDGs
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Source: David Le Blanc, 2015; UNDESA Working Paper 141
What is different this time?
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Explicit PCSD target:
SDG Target 17.14 Enhance Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development
• Transformative
• Universal
• Integrated: 3 Dimensions of Sustainability
B) PCD– a concept in evolution
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2002 Monterrey Consensus
II HLF (Paris) Paris Declaration
2008 Ministerial Declaration on PCD
IV HLF (Busan)
Council Recommendation on Good Institutional Practices in Promoting PCD
1996 - DAC Strategy “Shaping the 21st Century”
• 2002 OECD Action for a Shared Development Agenda • PCD in DAC peer reviews
OECD Strategy on Development
OECD-PCD Unit
2000 - UN Millennium Declaration – MDG 8
2003
Commitment to Development Index (CDI)
2005 2007
2008
2010 2011 2012
POST- 2015
• PCD Elements into SGI 2014• Towards a Broader Approach
to PCD
2014
2009
PCD Building Blocks
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What is PCD? EU
“The EU seeks to minimise contradictions and to build synergies between policies other than development cooperation that have an impact on developing countries, for the benefit of overseas development”
OECD
“The pursuit of development objectives through the systematic promotion of mutually reinforcing policy actions on the part of both OECD and developing countries”.
Two-fold implication: “do no harm” and beyond:
1. Make sure all policies are development-friendly (do no harm)2. Ensure the proactive promotion of development objectives in
other policies: exploit synergies > win-win
Diverging interpretations and use of the concept of PCD.
PCD IS NOT (only):
• Coordination with other policies• Harmonization with other donors• Adjustment of development policy to other
policies (it is PC for Development)• Consistency among development policies,
strategies and instruments
Prevalent definitions: PCD ≠ …
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PCD approach
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Towards a universal notion: PCSD
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Mai
n O
bjec
tives
Foster synergies across economic, social and environmental policy areas
Identify trade-offs & reconcile domestic policy objectives with internationally agreed objectives
Address the spillovers of domestic policies
SUST
AIN
AB
LE D
EVEL
OPM
ENT
1
2
3
Source: OECD (2014), Better Policies for Development 2014: Policy Coherence and Illicit Financial Flows
= an approach and policy tool to integrate the economic, social, environmental, and governance dimensions of sustainable development at all stages of domestic and international policy making.= a problem of all governments worldwide (not any longer a challenge for donors only). It aims to increase governments capacities to:
PCSD
PCSD: New way of looking at synergies/trade-offs in integrated ways?
ECDPM Page 14Source: OECD, 2015
Example: Water, energy, food
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Source: SEI, 2014
• SDGs• Intrinsically integrated approach • Finally brings 3 pillars of sustainable development
together• Responsibility of All (Universality)
• Some similar ideas in other areas than development cooperation• Whole-of-government approaches• Joined-up government• One United Nations
• PCSD formally recognised and agreed as Means of Implementation
Agenda 2030: Opportunities for PC(S)D
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• Loss of focus? • PCSD makes targets more diffuse – A theory of
everything?• Do we lose the unitary focus on PCD• Universality – Who is to benefit from PCD action?
• Greater complexity• Progress on PCD already tough • Taking so much into account may make progress even
more difficult• Brings different worlds together
• Development – external relations -• Economic & social & sustainability – internal affairs
Challenges of moving from PCD to PCSD
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PC(S) and the changing role for aid
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Aid
Poverty Reduction/ Development Objectives in
poorest/ fragile countries
Trade
International Finance
SecurityMigration
I. Scenario: Specialization
II. Scenario: Integration
PCD
Global CooperationForSustainableDevelopment
Aid Poverty
ReductionTrade
Migration Security
International Finance
SDGs
Consumption
Climate
Production
PCSD
II. PC(S)D Implementation to support SDG achievement
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How to strengthen PCSD?
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What indicator for PCSD in the SDG global review?
Is this sufficiently meaningful for PCSD?
How do we know we made PCSD progress?
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PCSD as red-thread for SDG implementation
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Setting and prioritizing objectives
Coordinating policy and its
implementation
Monitoring, analysis and
reporting
Setting country-specific
objectives for PCSD based on
SDGs and targets
Strengthening existing PC(S)D
institutional mechanisms
Identifying policy interactions, synergies,
potential policy effects
‘elsewhere’ and for long-term
Challenge: Measuring PC(S)D progress
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• Difference between mix and match approach:Outcome IndicatorsPolicy Outputs IndicatorsPolicy Inputs IndicatorsPolicy Stance Indicators
Quality of existing PCD Indicators
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• Some European countries felt that more evidence on impact of policies needed – suggestion for impact analysis to examine effects on development outcomes in individual developing countries
• ECDPM with OECD-DAC developed draft methodology for identifying/assessing impacts of OECD policies on food security in individual developing countries
• Methodology currently tested in Tanzania and Burkina Faso with support from Finland/Switzerland
Country Studies on policy impact – Food Security
Challenge: Progress on PCD building blocks – yes? But fairer policies…..?
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Setting and prioritising objectives
Coordinating policy and its
implementation
Monitoring, analysis and
reporting
Bottlenecks for PCD in the EU Member States
Underdeveloped structures for
knowledge-input
Lack of research on impact of
(in)coherencies
Lack of political pressure
Little public attention
• Diverging interests
• Knowledge gaps• Differing levels
of awarenessDifficult conversations
between generalists vs. specialists
Few resources allocated
Many policies … Higher risk of incoherent
policies
PCD Lessons learned – Not a technical exercise PCD highly political= policies driven by national interests that are at times hard to reconcile with development• Who has power?• Is there adequate, accountability, information and
evidence?
Identify political momentum on the basis of solid political economy analysis in limited number of areas where concrete progress is feasible (taxation, illicit capital flows, food security…?)
PCSD is a Political Economy Challenge
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Case Study: Policy Coherence in Practice in UK- Solutions to achieve AML objectives while safeguarding remittances to Somalia
III. Implementation of Agenda 2030 – The Way forward
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Follow up and Review of SDGs – Institutional framework
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Principles:
• Country-led (ownership)• Inclusive (multi-
stakeholder)• Transparent• Building on existing
mechanisms
• Global Indicator framework currently being developed by IAEG-SDG (Inter-agency expert group)
• UN Statistical Commission will consider the group’s proposal in March 2016
• National Implementation: Additional and complementary indicators will be developed at country/regional level adapted to context
Development of SDG Indicators – Process
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• Identification of priority areas without ‘cherry picking’?
• Not all SDG targets are clear
• How to set baseline and benchmarks?
• How to define appropriate actions and policies to support progress towards targets and assess progress? PCSD an important tool here
National Implementation
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Example Goal 16: Country-level Perspective
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Implementation:1) Domestic
Development Outcomes
2) Responsibilities for assisting other countries
3) Responsibilities for supporting progress towards global common goods
PCSD
Many studies, indices now produced (e.g. Index of Bertelsmann Foundation Individual Studies on EU MS, e.g. SEI for Sweden, DIE for “Länder-Ebene” in Germany, etc.)
How ready are OECD countries?
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Source: Kroll, 2015.
Coherence in implementation of Agenda 2030
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EU
Local
European Institutions
Government
Federal States
Ministries
Ministries at federal level
Local authorities
EU Country Partner countries
Regional Level
National Level
Sub-national level
Local Level
• CSOs/Knowledge community can play critical role in providing analysis but approach could be more political
• Level of awareness on PCD/PCSD has grown quite spectacularly• Increased peer pressure (OECD, EU, NGOs, policy research
institutes,..) exchange of experiences, best practices, institutional arrangements beyond aid agencies,…
• More PCD measurement and assessment systems (CDI), institutional arrangements and actors involved but risk of overly technocratic approaches
• Clear role in SDG implementation AgendaPriorities - Setting benchmarks (avoiding “cherry-picking”)Identifying indicators that fit the contextReporting on progressContribute to building multi-stakeholder partnerships
Role of CSOs in post-2015 implementation / strengthening PCSD
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IV. Questions and Discussion
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