Phytochemical CHARACTERIZATION

&ANTIMICROBIAL ASSAY OF

SOME Indigenous MEDICINAL plants

Bengal School of TechnologyTOPIC-PHYTOCHEMICAL

CHARACTERIZATION &

ANTIMICROBIAL ASSAY OF SOME INDDIGENUS MEDICINAL PLANTS

PRESENTED BY-PRITAM AONROLL NO:-19301913049REG NO:131930210050

Under the supervision of Raja Chakraverty

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CONTENTSIntroduction Literature SurveyAims and ObjectivesMethodsResultsDiscussions and ConclusionReference

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INTRODUCTIONHERBS :Herbs refer to the leafy green or flowering parts of a plant used for food, flavouring, medicine, or fragrances for their savory or aromatic properties. while spices are produced from other parts of the plant (usually dried), including seeds, berries , bark, roots and fruitsHERBAL MEDICINE: Herbal medicine is the oldest and still the most widely used system of medicine in the world today. Herbal medicine, also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine, refers to using a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposesPHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING: Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.

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Ocimum Americanum Linn. India has great potential of biodiversity. The genus Ocimum

belongs to Lamiaceae family. Ocimum americanum L.( syn. Ocimum canum sims, is a traditional medicinal plant distributed all over India mostly on waste lands, river banks and sides of paddy fields.

. Chemical Constituents: Aerial parts yield an essential oil, which contains camphor

and linalool (major constituents), citronellal, methylcinnamate, citronellic acid, eugenol, citronellol, geraniol, citral

methylheptenone. On fractionation the oil yields dipentene, terpinolene, crithmene, limonene, pinene, sabinene, camphene, caryophyllen

Using Information: The plant is carminative, diaphoretic and stimulant; used in

cold, coughs, catarrh and bronchitis, Leaf juice is used for dysentery and as a mouth-wash for

relieving toothache; poured into nostrils for migraine. Decoction of the leaf is used for checking nose bleeding and malarial fever. Essential oil of the leaves and inflorescences possesses strong antifungal and antibacterial properties. e, traces of phenol and acetic acid.

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Fig:-Ocimum Americanum Linn.

Description of the Plant: An Annual, floating in water herb. Colours Leaf-

green; Stems and roots- brown. Odour Characteristic.

Using Information: Neptuniaprostrata L. (Synonym:

Neptuniaoleracea. Family: Mimosaceae) is a miniature aquatic herb that floats by its white spongy structure. It has soft swollen stem with slenderfibrous roots in flower bearing nodes. As a medicinal plant it is well-known to the herbal doctors of Tripura and other states of North-Eastern region. The tribal people of Tripura cultivate this plant both as vegetables as well as medicinal plant. They prepare various tasty dishes with this vegetable. Aqueous extract of this plant is used in the treatment of jaundice, sores of tongue, diarrhoea with bleeding, epileptic convulsions, earache etc.

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Fig:-Neptunia prostrata Linn

Literature SurveyOcimum americanum L. leaf extract mediated

synthesis of silver nano particles: A noval approach towards weed utilization By Anuradha G.1, B. Syama Sundar*2 and M. V. Ramana3

Pharmacognostic & Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations of Neptunia prostrata L. Prashanta Kr. Deb, Sanjoy Das, Kaushik Nath Bhaumik, Rajat Ghosh, Tarun Kanti Ghosh, Tejendra Bhakta

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Aims and Objectives

AIM:-The aim of this study was to screen photochemical characterization and antimicrobial assay of some indigenous medicinal plant.OBJECTIVES:-  Photochemical Screening of some indigenous medicinal plant Antimicrobial Activities of some indigenous medicinal plant

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Material & methodsPHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING: Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY The microbiological assay of an antibiotic is based upon a comparison of the inhibition of growth of microorganism by measured concentration of the antibiotics under examination with that produced by known concentration of a standard preparation of the antibiotics having a known activity. Two general methods are usually employed, the cylinder plate (or cup plate) method and the turbidimetric (or tube assay) method.

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Detection of alkaloidsThe individual extract is dissolved in dilute

hydrochloric acid and filter.The filtrate was further tested with following

reagents for the presence of alkaloids.

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• Filtrate was treated with potassium bismuth iodide solution (Dragendroff’s reagent).

• Formation of orange red precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids.

Dragendroff’s Test:

• Filtrate was treated with saturated aqueous solution of picric acid (Hager’s reagent).

• Presence of alkaloids were confirmed by the formation of yellow coloured precipitate.

Hager’s Test:

• Filtrate was treated with potassium mercuric iodide solution (Mayer’s reagent).

• Formation of a whitish yellow or cream coloured precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids.

Mayer’s Test:

Detection of flavonoids• Treat the extract with few drops of

sodium hydroxide solution.• Formation of intense yellow colour,

which becomes colourless on further addition of dilute acid, indicated the presence of flavonoids.

Alkaline Reagent Test

• Treat the extract with few drops of lead acetate solution.

• Formation of yellow precipitate indicated the presence of flavonoids.

Lead acetate Test:

• Add a few drops of ferric chloride solution to the extract solution.

• Development of intense green colour indicates the presence of flavonoids.

Ferric chloride Test:

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Detection of cardiac glycosidesKeller-Killani test

Add 1ml of conc. sulphuric acid,

Appearance of brown ring @

the interface indicate the deoxysugar characteristic ofcardenolides

Appearance of a violet ring below the brown ring & a greenish ring in the

acetic acid layer confirmed the results.

Treat the extract with 2 ml of glacial acetic acid containing one

drop of ferric chloride solution.

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RESULT

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Fig: Wagner’s Test

Fig : Dragendroff’s Test

Result of alkaloidal test of Neptunia Prostrata linn.

RESULT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF Ocimum americanum Linn &Amoxycillin

Organism OA1 Low dose

100 mg/l

OA 1High dose400

mg/l

AmoxycillinLOW DOSE100 mg/l

AmoxycillinHIGH DOSE400 mg/l

ZOI ZOI ZOI ZOIS. aureous 13 mm 25 mm 26 mm 28 mmS. typhi 15 mm 20 mm 16 mm 28 mmB. Subtilis 15 mm 17 mm 20mm 30mm

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Ocimum americanum Linn samle 1=OA1ZOI=ZONE OF INHIBITION

Organism OA3 Low dose100 mg/l

OA 3High dose

400 mg/l

Amoxycillin

LOW DOSE100 mg/l

Amoxycillin

HIGH DOSE400 mg/l

ZOI ZOI ZOI ZOIS.aureous 26 mm 28mm 27 mm 31 mmS. typhi 16 mm 18mm 14 mm 15 mmB. subtilis 12 mm 18mm 21mm 25 mm

Ocimum americanum Linn samle 3=OA3ZOI=ZONE OF INHIBITION

pictures OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF Ocimum americanum Linn(SAMPLE 1) Ocimum americanum Linn(SAMPLE 3)&Amoxycillin in LOW &HIGH DOSE

15S. typhiS. aureous B. subtilis

S. aureous S. typhi B. subtilis

discussion The antimicrobial study using the extracts revealed that the plant definite antimicrobial activity against the three strains of bacteria and their laboratory cultures as evident from the Nutrient agar method. IC 50 values may give a clearer picture as to the Minimum Inhibitory Dose of the plant extract possesses chemical constituents in the extract and has.

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CONCLUSIONFrom the above mentioned study we came to know about the preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant and also the antimicrobial effects of the plant against bacterial strains. The pharmacological in-vivo activities of the plant and its toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines need to be ascertained using a large sample size in animal models of disease to corroborate the present findings and reaffirm its putative role in therapeutics. Antimicrobial studies on other strains of bacteria may be also performed to understand the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts under study.

References 1. Das K, Tiwari RKS, Shrivastava DK. Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant

products as antimicrobial agent: Current methods and future trends. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2010; 4(2): 104-111.

2. Parekh J, Karathia N, Chanda S. Evaluation of antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Bauhinia variegata L. bark. African Journal of Biomedical Research 2006; 9: 53-56.

3. Eloff JN. Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1998; 60: 1–8.

4. Adebolu, T.T. and Oladimeji, S.A. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissium on selected diarrhoea causing bacteria in southwestern Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 4: 682 - 684.

5. Adiguzel, A., Gulluce, M., Sengul, M., Ogutcu, H., Sahin, F. and Karaman, I. (2005). Antimicrobial effects of Ocimum basilicum (Labiatae) extract. Turk J. Biol., 29: 155 - 160.

6. Ates, D.A. and Erdogrul, O.T. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of various medicinal and commercial plants extracts. Turk J. Biol., 27: 157 - 162.

7. Burt, S.A. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods- a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94: 223 - 253.

8. Burt, S.A. and Reinders, R.D. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 36: 162 - 167.

9. Chiej, R. (1984). Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald. ISBN 0-356-10541-5, Little, Brown.

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