Nfpa 70e worker and employer education

ELECTRICAL SAFETY and Arc Flash the risks are great if not taught properly

P bar Y Safety Consultants

ELECTRICAL SAFETY and worker NFPA 70E


ELECTRICAL SAFETY

It’s about protecting workers from the unexpected start-up, or unexpected reenergization of equipment, circuits, or parts while maintenance is being performed.

IT IS MANDATORY!


ELECTRICAL SAFETY

It’s also about overhead and underground electrical distribution, including systems, equipment, circuits, and parts.

IT IS MANDATORY!


Who’s Responsible for Safety?

The “Employer” is responsible forOH&S requirements Electrical Safety ProgramSafety Policies and ProceduresSafety Training

The “Employee” is responsible forImplementing procedures

The “Owner” is inherently responsible forContractors on site


ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES It’s Just 40 Little Words

Plan Every JobAnticipate Unexpected Events

Identify the HazardMinimize the Hazard

Use Procedures as ToolsUse the Correct Tools for the Job Task

Use Personal Protective EquipmentIsolate the Equipment

Assess People's AbilitiesProtect the Person

Audit these PrinciplesP bar Y Safety Consultants

Herein lies the challenge. OH&S (paraphrased) .

Employer is required to perform a hazard assessment to determine personal protective equipment required. Employer shall provide, employee shall use, personal protective equipment that is appropriate for the job or task, and specific parts of the body to be protected.


Herein lies the challenge. OH&S Safeguards for personnel.(a) Use of protective equipment(1) Employees working in areas

where there are potential electrical hazards shall be provided with, and shall use, electrical protective equipment that is appropriate for the specific parts of the body to be protected and for work to be performed.


EMPLOYEES BE SMART !!!!!!!!!!!

Follow your company’s rules and regulations for safety to the letter.

AVOID “CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE”,

also known as “INDEPENDENT EMPLOYEE ACTION”.


What are the most common electrical hazards today?

ARC FLASH and ARC BLAST


How close are you standing to DANGER



Electric Burns


Over 30,000 non-fatal electrical shock accidents occur each year

Over 600 people people die from electrocution each year

Electrocution remains the fourth (4th) highest cause of industrial fatalities

Most injuries and deaths could be avoided

UNDERSTANDING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS


Hand to hand 1000 120 volt Formula I = E/R 120/1000 = 0.120 amps or 120 ma

500

100

500500

500


Human Body Resistance

Hand to hand resistance = 1000 ohms120 VAC circuitOhms Law formula;

I = E / R 120 / 1000 = 0.120 amps (120 milliamps)


Ele

ctri

cal

Haz

ard

sSafety BASICs

ShockHuman body resistance (hand to hand) across the

body is about 1000

Ohms Law: I = E / R I = 480 volts / 1000 I = 0.48 amps (480 mA)

The National Electrical Code® considers 5 mA to be the safe upper limit for children and adults.


Human Body Resistancecontinued...

Shock electricity travels in closed circuits shock occurs when the body becomes part of the

electrical circuit (1) short circuit (2) ground fault (3) metallic part of enclosure becomes energized




SKINouter layer of skin “horny layer” provides resistance to

electricity but varies from individual to individual HEART

controlled by internal electrical impulses and disturbed by outside electrical impulses causing fibrillation and halting of pumping action. Death can quickly occur.

MUSCLEalso controlled by electrical impulses

• shock can result in loss of muscular control and lack of ability to release an electrical conductor



The Severity of Shock affected by three primary factors

amount of current flowing through the bodypath of the current through the bodylength of time the body is in the circuit


Humans Body Resistancecontinued….

The severity of shock can cause considerably more damage to the body than is visible.

Most common type of shock = Burn Three types of burns

electrical arcthermal contact

electrical burns are the result of current flowing through the tissues or bones


Death may occur from effects of current on the body

Contraction of the chest musclesParalysis of nerve centerVentricular fibrillationSuspension of heart rhythmHemorrhages and destruction of

tissue, nerves and muscles


Electric ShockCurrent flow causes the damageSeverity of injury caused by amount

of currentLess severe when nerve centers and

vital organs not involved


Flash and Flame Burns

Thermal burnsCurrent flow typically externalDamage confined to skin


Electrical Arc Burn Injuries

Occur from high temperature sourcesDeep and slow to healInvolve large areas of bodyDistance from arc determines severity


Falls Resulting from Shock

Falls from elevationsDefective equipmentMuscle contractionLoss of balance


Falls Resulting From Shock


Lighting and Receptacle Branch Circuits

There are no specific rules found in NFPA 70E or OH&S that specifically address arc flash, arc blast and shock hazards for lighting and receptacle branch circuits.

At minimum shock protection can be provided by the use of rubber insulating gloves and leather protectors.


Mechanical Injuries

Unexpected motionImproper Lockout / Tagout

procedures


Other InjuriesLoss of hearing - from the pressure wave caused

by the arc blast

Blindness - from flying pieces or molten metal during a blast

Broken bones - from falls, death of tissue and muscle contraction


As much as 80% of all electrical injuries are burns resulting from an arc-flash and ignition of flammable clothing

Arc temperature can reach 35,000°F - this is four time hotter than the surface of the sun

Fatal burns can occur at distances over 10 ft.

Arc-Flash


Arc-Blast

An arc fault develops a “Pressure Wave”Sources of this blast includes:

Copper expands 67,000 times its original volume when vaporized

Heat from the arc, causes air to expand, in the same way that thunder is created from a lightning strike

This may result in a violent explosion of circuit components and thrown shrapnel

The blast can destroy structures, knock workers from ladders, or across the room


What can you do in your workplace?

1. Administrative Controls – Do not work on or near energized circuits, equipment and parts

2. Engineering Controls – Engineer out the hazard, or reduce to a safe level

3. Work on the energized circuits, equipment and parts using Safe Work Practices, including the appropriate PPE.


Safety-Related Work Practices


Personal Protective Equipment

Use of Protective Equipment Electrical Protective Equipment Use of

insulated rubber liners (gloves). If Class 1 or higher rubber liners are worn without

leather protectors, rubber liners must be one class higher than normally required, AND rubber liners may not be worn again until they have been tested.


Before Work Can Proceed On or Near Exposed Energized Parts

Shock Hazard AnalysisShock Protection Boundary

Arc Flash AnalysisArc Flash Boundary


ELECTRICAL SAFETY SEMINAR



1. Design Electrical Systems for Safety

2. Use Insulated Tools Rated for the Voltage

3. Use Appropriate PPE, including FR Clothing


NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE 110.26(A)(1) Depth of Working Space


Design for Safety

Maintain Working Space Clearances About Equipment

Current Limiting Fuses and Breakers

Transformers – Specify High Impedance

Insulated Busbar in Distribution Gear

Remote Racking and Closing Devices for Large Power Circuit Breakers

Portable Racking and Closing Devices for LargePower Circuit Breakers

Arc Rated MCC’S and Switchgear


Selecting Flash Protection

1. Calculate incident energy and select PPE based upon that calculation.

2. Select hazard/risk category based on task, then select PPE based upon hazard/risk category.


Arc Flash; a dangerous condition associated with the unexpected release of electric energy caused by an electric arc

Shock hazard; a dangerous condition associated with the possible release of energy caused by contract or approach to live parts.

Working near (live parts); an activity inside a limited approach boundary.

Working on (live parts); coming in contact with live parts with

the hands, feet, or other body parts, with tools, probes, or with test equipment, regardless of personal protective equipment a person is wearing.

Definition Changes - NFPA 70E


Limited Approach Boundary

The limited approach boundary is a shock protection boundary to be crossed by only qualified persons (at a distance from a live part) which is not to be crossed by unqualified persons unless escorted by a qualified person.


Restricted Approach Boundary

A restricted approach boundary is a shock protection boundary to be crossed only by qualified persons (at a distance from a live part) which, due to its proximity to a shock hazard, requires the use of shock protection techniques and equipment when crossed.


Prohibited Approach Boundary

A prohibited approach boundary is a shock protection boundary to be crossed only by qualified persons (at a distance from a live part) which, when crossed by a body part or object shall require the same protection as if direct contact is made with a live part.


Limited Shock Boundary: Qualified or Unqualified Persons** Only if accompanied by Qualified Person

Prohibited Shock Boundary: Qualified Persons Only. PPE asif direct contact with live part

Restricted Shock Boundary: Qualified Persons Only

Note: shock boundaries dependent on system voltage level

Flash Protection Boundary (FPB)Must wear appropriate PPEFPB dependent on fault level and time duration.

Flash Protection Boundary (FPB)Must wear appropriate PPEFPB dependent on fault level and time duration.

Eq

uip

men

t


FlashProtectionBoundary

Limited ApproachBoundary

RestrictedApproachBoundary

ProhibitedApproachBoundary

Nominal System VoltageRange

Phase to Phase

ExposedMovable

Conductor

ExposedFixed

CircuitPart

IncludesStandard

Inadv’tentMovement

Adder

IncludesReduced

Inadv’tentMovement

AdderEnergized Part to Employee - Distance in Feet-inches

300 V or less 3’-0” 10’-0” 3’-6” Avoid Contactover 300V, not over 750V 3’-0” 10’-0” 3’-6” 1’-0” 0’-1”over 750V, not over 2kV 4’-0” 10’-0” 4’-0” 2’-0” 0’-3”over 2kV, not over 15kV 16’-0” 10’-0” 5’-0” 2’-2” 0’-7”over 15Kv, not over 36kV 19’-0” 10’-0” 6’-0” 2’-7” 0’-10”over 36kV, not over 48.3kV * 10’-0” 8’-0” 2’-10” 1’-5”over 48.3kV, not over 72.5kV * 10’-0” 8’-0” 3’-3” 2’-1”over 72.5kV, not over 121kV * 10’-0” 8’-0” 3’-2” 2’-8”over 138kV, not over 145kV * 10’-8” 10’-0” 3’-7” 3’-1”over 161kV, not over 169kV * 11’-0” 11’-8” 4’-0” 3’-6”over 230kV, not over 242kV * 13’-0” 13’-0” 5’-3” 4’-9”over 345kV, not over 362kV * 15’-4” 15’-4” 8’-6” 8’-0”over 500kV, not over 550kV * 19’-0” 19’-0” 11’-3” 10’-9”over 765kV, not over 800kV * 23’-9” 23’-9” 14’-11” 14’-5”


Default Flash Protection Boundary

600 volt systems = 4 feet (Ralph Lee Formulae)

Above 600 volt systems = distance at which 1.2 cal/cm2 (slow clearing time)

Above 600 volt systems = distance at which 1.5 cal/ cm2

(clearing time of 0.1 sec or less)


24 inch Flash Hazard Boundary3 cal/cm•2 Flash Hazard at 18 inches1DF PPE Level, 1 Layer 6 oz ®,

Arc-Rated Faceshield480 VAC Shock Hazard when Cover is removed42 inch Limited Approach12 inch Restricted Approach - 500 V Class 00 Gloves1 inch Prohibited Approach - 500 V Class 00 Gloves

Equipment Name: Slurry Pump Starter

WARNING !Arc Flash and Shock Hazard

Level 1 FR Clothing & Equipment Required

Courtesy E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.


WARNING !

Arc Flash and Shock HazardLevel 2* PPE Required – Voltage Testing

For any other task see Table


Training 110.6(C) NFPA 70E

(C) Emergency Procedures. Employees working on or near exposed

energized electrical conductors or circuit parts shall be trained in:

Methods of release of victims from contact with exposed energized parts conductors or circuit parts.

Methods of first aid procedures, such as approved methods of resuscitation, if their duties warrant such training. P bar Y Safety Consultants

Emergency Response for Electric Shock1. Look first - do not touch!

2. Turn off the source electricity.

3. If you can’t turn off the power, separate the victim from the power source using a dry object made of non-conducting material.

4. If the victim is outdoors and touching a high voltage power line - stay clear and dial 911 or your emergency number.

5. Act fast - speed is essential - delegate someone to call 911 or your emergency number. P bar Y Safety Consultants

Emergency Response for Electric Shock6. Keep the victim lying down and make sure you

are both in a safe area.

7. If the victim is not breathing, apply rescue breathing. If the victim is not breathing and has no pulse, begin CPR.

8. Cover the victim with a blanket to maintain body heat and wait for emergency medical personnel to arrive.

9. Note as many details about the accident as possible to send with the victim to the hospital. P bar Y Safety Consultants

Emergency Response for Flame Burns1. If the victim’s clothing is on fire - remind

him/her to drop and roll or tackle the victim to smother the flames.

2. Check the victim for shock and follow the steps previously discussed for treating shock.

3. No signs of shock - begin treating the burned area.

4. Delegate someone to call 911 or your emergency number.

5. Cool the burn with water or salineP bar Y Safety Consultants

Emergency Response for Flame Burns

6. Don’t remove burned clothing and don’t apply any ointments or other medication.

7. Remove constricting items from the victim, such as shoes, belts, jewelry and tight collars.

8. If a limb is burned, raise it to reduce swelling.

9. Cover burn wounds with sterile dressings or clean sheets.

10. Keep the victim warm and comfortable covering him/her with clean, dry sheets or blankets.

11. Note as many details about the accident as possible.


Emergency Response for Arc Burns

Follow the same procedures for flame burns except cool the burns via safety shower because these burns usually involve large areas of the body.


Checklist for Victim of Electrical Accident

Incorporate into emergency response plan - readily available

Review contents of checklist as a part of trainingInsure completed copy accompanies victim to the

hospital or treatment center


Know location of medical facilityEmergency phone numbersCPR trained employeesGood First Aid KitEmployee TrainingCommunication equipment availableTransportation availableVictim checklistPhone number of nearest burn center

Workplace Preparedness


Qualified Person

OH&S Definition:

Qualified person: “one who is familiar

with the construction and operation of

the equipment and the hazards involved”.


Training: NFPA 70E Qualified Person.

QUALIFIED PERSON: A qualified person shall be trained and knowledgeable of the construction and operation of equipment or a specific work method, and shall be trained to recognize and avoid the electrical hazards that might be present with respect to that equipment or work method.

(a) Such persons shall also be familiar with the proper use of special precautionary techniques, personal protective equipment, including arc-flash, insulating and shielding materials, and insulated tools and test equipment.


Training:

It has been proven that the most effective training programs include a combination of lecture and hands-on-instruction.


Records of Training

Certification of Training Maintained for the

duration of employee’s employment.


Nominal Voltage

Determined by …nameplatedrawings / schematicsmeter (testing)sizespacing of conductorslabelinglength of insulatorswork experience


This is EXACTLY the WRONG way to do it!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


Application of the Devices

Application of LOTO devices Tags are necessary

to identify worker

Electrical Isolation DevicesElectrical disconnects and circuit breakers.


Employee Involvement

Involvement is a must for employees exposed to electrical energy source Temporary and contract workers must

also be involved and understand how procedure modifies their exposure

Covers direct or indirect hazard


Employee Training

All employees must be trained in: Procedures to control energy Responsibilities under the plan

Training has to also be performed at the assignment of new personnel.


Plan

Developed on the basis of equipment and system (include drawings) Developed for each LOTO Identify each area, physically and

electrically, that needs a device


LOTO Procedures

• The procedures must include:• Training to employees• Provide the necessary

equipment• Audit Procedures and

execution

ABC Co.LOTO Procedures

Purpose.____________________________________________________________________________________________

Compliance with this program ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Sequence of Lockout

(1)________________________________________________________________________


Establishing an Electrically Safe Work ConditionProcedures.

(2) Elements of Control (a) Deenergizing Equipment (Shutdown) (b) Stored Energy (c) Disconnecting Means (verification) (d) Responsibility


Procedures (Continued)

(e) Verification (f) Testing (g) Grounding-Duration or Temporary(h) Shift Change(i) Coordination(j) Accountability(k) Application (removal, release,

temporary release)


Working On or Near Live Parts

Justification for Work.Live parts to which an employee might be exposed shall be put into an electrically safe work condition before an employee works on or near them, unless the employer can demonstrate that deenergizing introduces additional or increased hazards or is infeasible due to equipment design or operational limitations.


General Requirements for Electrical Work Practices - NFPA 70E; Chapter 2Flash Hazard Analysis. Flash hazard analysis shall be done before a person approaches any exposed electrical conductor circuit part that has not been placed in an electrically safe work condition.



This is how it SHOULD be done!!!!!!!!!!!


Personal Protective Equipment…

Use electrical rated protective equipment when working in areas where there is a potential electrical hazard.


More on PPE ...

Use, store & maintain your Electrical PPE in a safe, reliable condition

Wear nonconductive head protection

Wear protective equipment for the eyes or face wherever there is danger of injury to the eyes or face


Preventing Electrical Hazards - PPE

Proper foot protection (not tennis shoes)

Rubber insulating gloves, hoods, sleeves, matting, and blankets

Hard hat (insulated - nonconductive)


PPE Inspection…

Electrical PPE with any of the following defects may not be used A hole, tear, puncture, or cut

Ozone cutting or ozone checking (the cutting action produced by ozone on rubber under mechanical stress into a series of interlacing cracks)



Establishing an Electrical Safety Program

There are five objectives of an safety program:

• Make personnel more aware of rules, responsibilities and procedures for working safely

• Demonstrate compliance with the federal law• Document requirements and guidelines for

providing a safe workplace free from unnecessary hazards

• Document requirements and guidelines to personnel, who could be exposed to electrical hazards

• Encourage, and make it easier for each employee to be responsible for his or her own electrical safety self-discipline.


(1) to make personnel aware of rules,responsibilities, and proceduresfor working safely in an electricalenvironment.

FIVE OBJECTIVES OF AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM


(1) to make personnel aware of rules,responsibilities, and proceduresfor working safely in an electricalenvironment.

FIVE OBJECTIVES OF AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM


FIVE OBJECTIVES OF ANELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM

(2) to demonstrate employer’sintention to comply with the law



(3) to document general requirementsand guidelines for providingelectrically safe facilities



(4) to document general requirementsand guidelines that direct theactivities of personnel who mightbe exposed to electrical hazards



(5) to encourage, and make iteasier for, each employee tobe responsible for his or herown electrical safety discipline


MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

To be effective,an Electrical Safety Programmust be strongly supported

at the highest levels of management


MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

Management should firstestablish an electrical safety policy,and identify the line organization(s)

to implement that policy.


Work on or near exposed live partsshould be prohibited, except underjustified, controlled, and approvedcircumstances.

SAFEST BASIC RULE

SAFE WORK PRACTICES


• Anticipate the unexpected

• A plan is needed to reducerisks of injury

• There are many elementsto consider for the plan

• Document the elements intoan Electrical Safety Program

CONCLUSIONS


Presentations & Public Speaking

Nfpa 70e worker and employer education