Krafft s28

Distinguishing Hope Measures:

Manifold Determinants and Predictors

in the German and Swiss Sample

Amsterdam, July 04th, 2014

Andreas Krafft Andreas Walker

University of St. Gallen Swissfuture, Switzerland

Swissfuture, Switzerland

Symposium

The Annual Hope-Barometer and Positive Attributes Survey

in Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic

2

Antecedents

1. Conceptualization and definitions of Hope:

- Character Strength (Peterson/Seligman, 2004)

- Positive Emotion (Fredrickson, 2009)

- Mental Willpower towards a Goal – Trade and State (Snyder, 1994)

- Religion, Coping and Hope – Pargament (2001), Snyder et al. (2002), Benedict I (2012)

2. Complementary and rival theories

- Optimism as basic Life Orientation (Scheier/Carver, 1985)

- Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1982)

3. Measurement of hope:

- Dispositional Hope Scale: Agency and Pathways (Snyder, 1991)

- Distinguishing Perceptions of Hope and Optimism (Bruininks/Malle, 2006)

- Qualitative Measures of Spirituality, Hope and Health (Anandarajah/Hight, 2001)

3

Objectives

1. Development of a direct and broader scale for “Perceived

Hope” as basic measure for the “Hope Barometer”.

2. Relation between Hope and other Constructs such as

“Religiosity”, “Spirituality”, “Meaning”, “Generativity”, etc.

3. Identification of the several Determinants and Predictors of

“Perceived Hope”, “Dispositional Hope” and “Optimism”.

4

Demographics – German speaking sample

Gender N

Male 2401

Female 2541

Country N

Switzerland 2248

Germany 2694

Total 4942

Age N

until 17 185

18 to 29 1562

30 to 39 889

40 to 49 851

50 to 59 789

60 to 69 506

70 to 79 145

80 and older 15

5

Items Scales

1. Hope improves the quality of my life.

Perceived Hope(new scale)

2. I feel hopeful.

3. I am hopeful with regard to my life.

4. In my life hope outweighs anxiety.

5. Even in difficult times I am able to remain hopeful.

6. My hopes are usually fulfilled.

1. There are lots of ways around any problem.

Pathways2. I can think of many ways to get out of a jam.

3. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can find a way to

solve the problem.

4. I can think of many ways to get the things in life that are most

important to me.

1. I've been pretty successful in life.

Agency2. I meet the goals that I set for myself.

3. I energetically pursue my goals.

4. My past experiences have prepared me well for my future.

1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best.Optimism

2. Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me than bad.

3. I’m always optimistic about my future.

1. I hardly ever expect things to go my way.

Pessimism2. I rarely count on good things happening to me.

3. If something can go wrong to me, it will.

Scales

Dispositional

Hope(Snyder, 1991)

Life Orientation(Scheier/Carver, 1985)

6

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (5 Main Components with Varimax Rotation)

67.60% of variance explained

Components

1Perceived Hope

2Pathways

3Agency

4Optimism

5Pessimism

1. Hope improves the quality of my life. .829

2. I feel hopeful. .758

3. I am hopeful with regard to my life. .756

4. In my life hope outweighs anxiety. .600

5. Even in difficult times I am able to remain hopeful. .590

6. My hopes are usually fulfilled. .583

1. There are lots of ways around any problem. .770

2. I can think of many ways to get out of a jam. .743

3. Even when others get discouraged, I know I can

find a way to solve the problem..708

4. I can think of many ways to get the things in life

that are most important to me..668

1. I've been pretty successful in life. .796

2. I meet the goals that I set for myself. .777

3. I energetically pursue my goals. .563

4. My past experiences have prepared me well for my

future.

.538

1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best. .724

2. Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me

than bad.

.717

3. I’m always optimistic about my future. .685

1. I hardly ever expect things to go my way. .881

2. I rarely count on good things happening to me. .841

3. If something can go wrong to me, it will. .792

7

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (SPSS AMOS)

Chi-

square

df p NFI RFI IFI/CFI PNFI

PCFI

RMSEA

3330.20 116 .000 .924 .900 .927 .701 .075

8


Chi-

square


PCFI

RMSEA

2638.86 113 .000 .940 .919 .942 .695 .067

9


Chi-

square


PCFI

RMSEA

1120.04 41 .000 .961 .937 .962 .597 .073

10

Reliability Test

Scale Alpha

Perceived Hope .871

Agency .824

Pathways .821

Dispositional Hope .887

Optimism .800

Pessimism .787

11

Means and Pearson Correlations

Positive Relations: 4 Items (α=.694 ) Ryff /Keyes (1995) Psychological Well-Being

Meaning: 5 Items (α=.790 ) Schnell (2000) LEBE – The sources of meaning and meaning in life questionnaire

Religiosity: 3 Items (α= .940) Schnell (2000) LEBE – The sources of meaning and meaning in life questionnaire

Spirituality: 5 Items (α= .760) Schnell (2000) LEBE – The sources of meaning and meaning in life questionnaire

Generativity: 6 Items (α=.813) Schnell (2000) LEBE – The sources of meaning and meaning in life questionnaire

Life-Satisfaction: 7 Items (α=.922) Dalbert (1992) Trait Wellbeing Inventory.

Positive Mood: 4 Items (α=.901) Dalbert (1992) Trait Wellbeing Inventory.

6-Points-Scales

0=Strongly disagree

5=Strongly agree

Mean

Po

sit

ive

Rela

tio

ns

Mean

ing

Reli

gio

sit

y

Sp

irit

uali

ty

Gen

era

tivit

y

Lif

e-

Sati

sfa

cti

on

Po

sit

ive

Mo

od

Mean 3.98 3.08 1.58 2.73 3.04 3.42 3.10

Perceived Hope 3.39 .345**

.537**

.241**

.199**

.326**

.658**

.663**

Dispositional

Hope3.64 .317

**.505

**.071

**.078

**.298

**.660

**.593

**

Optimism 3.43 .321**

.498**

.148**

.127**

.276**

.690**

.698**

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

12

Pearson Correlations MeanDispositional

Hope

Perceived

HopeOptimism

1. I think a lot and analyze circumstances. 1.56 .218**

.092**

.052**

2. I take responsibility and engage myself. 1.46 .445**

.301**

.304**

3. I motivate my friends. 1.41 .261**

.220**

.235**

4. I motivate my family. 1.31 .333**

.303**

.288**

5. I talk about my hopes with my wife/husband/partner. 1.24 .259**

.273**

.237**

6. I have a corresponding job. 0.86 .291**

.214**

.233**

7. I engage myself entrepreneurially. 0.85 .325**

.202**

.224**

8. I save money. 0.85 .145**

.127**

.107**

9. I read widely and inform myself. 0.83 .163**

.186**

.110**

10. I trust God. 0.74 .051**

.215**

.129**

11. I pray, meditate. 0.60 .071**

.214**

.122**

12. I donate money to the subject of my hopes 0.44 .147**

.211**

.139**

13. I go to church / to the temple. 0.40 .080**

.215**

.126**

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

What do you do towards having your hopes fulfilled?

3 Points Scale: 0=Not at all; 1=Sometimes; 2=Yes, very often

13

Pearson Correlations Mean

Disposi-

tional

Hope

Perceived

HopeOptimism

1. Wife, husband, partner 1.61 .064**

.135**

.120**

2. I give myself hope–It’s the responsibility of every single person 1.54 .290**

.187**

.215**

3. Friends 1.52 - .077**

.058**

4. Parents, grandparents 1.40 .039**

.050**

.048**

5.The many people without great names that mastered their fate

admirably 1.25 .084**

.137**

.087**

6. Children (son / daughter), grand-children 1.17 .120**

.151**

.150**

7. Physicians, medical doctors, therapists, health professions 1.10 - .060**

-

8. Teachers, educators, professors, coaches 0.96 .043**

.145**

.088**

9. Colleagues / Business partners 0.93 .049**

.118**

.113**

10. The boss, employer, direct supervisor 0.93 .036*

.103**

.088**

11. Politicians, the government 0.90 .043**

.105**

.077**

12. Experts, scientists, researchers, engineers 0.81 .075**

.108**

.083**

13. God 0.74 - .168**

.083**

14. Bankers, financial advisors, insurance specialists 0.63 - .029*

.054**

15. Entrepreneurs, businessmen, managers 0.63 .136**

.156**

.149**

16. Priests, vicars, pastors, nuns 0.53 .030*

.166**

.084**

From whom do you expect that he or she transmits hope?


3 Points Scale: 0=Not at all; 1=Partnly; 2=Yes, definitely

14

Pearson Correlations MeanDispositional

Hope

Perceived

HopeOptimism

1. Personal health 1.86 .081**

.095**

.082**

2. Happy partnership, family, marriage. 1.85 .032*

.088**

.066**

3. Harmony in life 1.75 - .089**

.043**

4. Good and trustful relationships to other people 1.73 .052**

.160**

.102**

5. Meaningful and satisfying task 1.64 .124**

.189**

.116**

6. Personal independence and self-determination 1.63 .146**

.097**

.092**

7. Order in my life 1.58 - .032*

-

8. More fun with friends 1.52 -.008 - .035*

9. Secure Job 1.52 -.060**

-.032*

-

10. More safety in the personal environment 1.42 -.073**

-.051**

-.056**

11. More time to relax 1.42 .034*

.036*

.034*

12. More spare time 1.32 - - -

13. Help other people 1.32 .107**

.211**

.134**

14. Success at the workplace (bonus, promotion, etc.) 1.27 - -.046**

-

15. More money 1.27 -.097**

-.128**

-.067**

16. More Sex 1.11 - - -

17. Religious experiences, experience God 0.52 .033*

.181**

.089**


Which are your main personal wishes for 2014?

3 Points Scale:0=Not important; 1=Partly important; Very important

15

What do you expect for the coming year 2014?

Stepwise Regression

Model

Standardized

Coefficients

Sig.Beta

1 (Constant) .000

Perceived Hope .509 .000

2 (Constant) .000


Optimism .248 .000

3 (Constant) .000


Optimism .216 .000

Dispositional Hope .075 .000

Dependent Variable:

For my private life I am for 2014...

Stepwise Regression

Model

Standardized

Coefficients

Sig.Beta

1 (Constant) .000


2 (Constant) .000


Optimism .132 .000

3 (Constant) .000


Optimism .155 .000

Dispositional Hope -.055 .003

Dependent Variable:

Societal hopes

Items Mean

For my private life I am for 2014... 3.72

For the national politics I am for 2014... 2.53

For the national economy I am for 2014.. 2.99

For the burning social issues in my country I am for 2014… 2.40

For the climate and the environment I am for 2014.... 2.47

Variables Mean

For my private life I am for 2014... 3.72

Societal hopes (α=.696 ) 2.60

5-Points-Scale: 1=very pessimistic; 2=rather pessimistic; 3=indifferent; 4=rather optimistic; 5=very optimistic

R2=.295 R2=.090

All intercorrelations with perceived hope,

dispositional hope and optimism are significant

at the 0.01 level.

16

Conclusions and Discussion

1. Perceived hope, dispositional hope and optimism are distinct but

related constructs.

2. Similar correlations with positive relations, meaning, generativity, life

satisfaction and positive mood.

3. Different correlations with religiosity and spirituality.

4. Dispositional hope is a trait and cognitive construct.

Instead, perceived hope is more an affective construct.

5. Dispositional hope relates to personal mastery (mainly self-centered).

6. Perceived hope as broader concept (self- and others-centered).

Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

18

Distribution Religiosity and Spirituality

19

Model

Chi-

square


PCFI

RMSEA

65.10 2 .000 .991 .953 .991 .198 .08

20

How strongly do you feel to belong to this religion or religious institution?

SPSS Anova Sum of Squares dfMean

SquareF Sig.

Perceived

Hope

Between Groups 182.966 5 36.593 50.511 .000

Within Groups 2497.923 3448 .724

Total 2680.889 3453

Dispositional

Hope

Between Groups 23.084 5 4.617 7.552 .000

Within Groups 2099.970 3435 .611

Total 2123.055 3440

Optimism Between Groups 91.938 5 18.388 20.135 .000

Within Groups 3131.427 3429 .913

Total 3223.365 3434

Perceived

Hope

Dispositional

Hope

Optimism

Not belonging at all 3.15 3.54 3.26

Very little belongig 3.33 3.62 3.42

Rather little belonging 3.39 3.56 3.42

Slightly belonging 3.42 3.60 3.45

Strongly belonging 3.62 3.68 3.56

Very strongly belonging 3.95 3.83 3.86

21

Regression Analysis – Stepwise

Life SatisfactionModel

Beta

(Std.) Sig.

1 (Constant)

Optimism .689

.000

.000

2 (Constant)

Optimism

Dispositional Hope

.452

.380

.798

.000

.000

3 (Constant)

Optimism

Dispositional Hope

Percieved Hope

.316

.315

.257

.000

.000

.000

.000

Positive MoodModel

Beta

(Std.) Sig.

1 (Constant)

Optimism .700

.000

.000

2 (Constant)

Optimism

Perceived Hope

.461

.347

.132

.000

.000

3 (Constant)

Optimism

Perceived Hope

Dispositional Hope

.383

.292

.186

.000

.000

.000

.000

Positive GrowthModel

Beta

(Std.) Sig.

1 (Constant)

Perceived Hope .237

.000

.000

2 (Constant)

Perceived Hope

Dispositional Hope

.198

.066

.000

.000

.000

R2=.596 R2=.572

R2=.059

Presentations & Public Speaking

Krafft s28