Department of Urban and Regional Planning,School of Planning and Architecture, JNTU, Hyderabad.

INTRODUCTION TO CIVILIZATIONS

SUBJECT: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL PLANNING

Civilization is a kind of human society or culture.

The term civilization is often used as a synonym for culture in both popular and academic circles.

Civilization can also refer to society as a whole.

All human civilizations have depended on agriculture for subsistence.

Civilizations have distinctly different settlement patterns from other societies.

Currently, world civilization is in a stage that has created what may be characterized as

an industrial society.

Civilization has been criticized from a variety of viewpoints and for a variety of reasons.

Civilizations have shown an inclination towards conquest and expansion.

Sumerian Civilization

Presented By

P.Anusha J.Rama krishna

Introduction

It lasted from 12000 B.C till 3000 B.C

Sumerian city was protective, compact.

Market was near the centre, residents were around. Development was symmetrical.

Houses are in different cases

Oldest organized settlements excavated.

GEOGRAPHY Moderate temperature.

Land was undulating gently.

Civilization was good but difficult.

Boulders and deposits on run-off courses.

Boulders and deposits on run-off courses impounded water.

Stepping of soils was invented.

STRUCTURES OF GEOGRAPHY

It created a series.

Movement along a horizon was on foot in plains.

Settlements were small and along river bank.

The short stretch of river along the settlements.

Roads developed parallel to river bank and across them.

Settlement development became or started to become, geometric and across them.

POLITICAL

leadership was very important.

Political Hence repeated invasion ,hence settlement was needing defense.

Political leadership become the focal point of the settlement.

Insecurity of life increased .

ECONOMIC

Agriculture is always space and extensive.

Protection of the storage needed their location.

The economy was principally agriculture.

SOCIO-CULTURAL

The captured as captives and salves, mostly engaged as agricultural .

Social stratification and gathering were expected.

One leader political-cum-storage incharge, a some central location.

The invasion and defense condition of socio cultural.

TECHNOLOGY

Hardly any industrial activity of any type was percent.

Building and construction were seriously affected.

Impact of straight lines and parallel lines were derived.

Transportation within settlement was on foot .

Hence we need a special protection and also a central spine of transportation.

DESCRIPTION BY HIRODOTUS ON UR-BABYLON

It lies in a great plain, shape of a square, river, roads, royal palace on one bank,villagers and townsmen made servents.

It organizes for village people, civil service and religious priests.

Egyptian Civilization

Presented By:

Amit KumarZedd Danam

Egypt had the longest unified history of any civilization in the ancient

Mediterranean, extending from about 3000 B c to the 4th century AD.

Art in all its from was devoted principally to the service of the pharaoh, who

was considered a god on Earth, to the state and to religion.

Introduction

At Abydos and Saqqara tombs for the kings of the early dynasties were built

in imitation of places or shrines.

The large amount of pottery, stonework, and ivory or bone carving found in

these tombs attest to a high level of development in Early Dynastic Egypt.

Hieroglyphic script (picture writing), the written from the Egyptian language,

was in the first stages of its evolution.

THE OLD KINGDOM

In the 3rd dynasty the architects imhoted built for zoser (2737-2717 BC) a complex at

saqqara; it was a burial ground that included a step pyramid of stone and a group of

shrines and related building.

The great step pyramid in which the remains of the king was laid is the oldest surviving

example of monumental architecture.

The pyramid of Giza where the kings of 4th dynasty were buried tells the ability of

Egyptian architecture.

The pyramid of khufu originally stood about 146m(480m) high.

The architecture of the middle kingdom is not well represented by preserved

example.

A small building associated with Senusret I (1962-1928 BC) of the 12th dynasty

is the only example.

THE MIDDLE KINGS

The new kings (1570-1070 BC), beginning with the 18th Dynasty, came to be a

period of great power, wealth, and influence exemplified by extensive foreign

trade and conquest.

Gigantic pylon gateways, colonnaded courts, and many-columned halls

decorated with obelisks and statues created an impressive display.

On the west bank, near the necropolis of Thebes, temples for the funerary cult of

the kings were built.

THE NEW KINGS

During the new kingdom the bodies of rulers were buried in rock-cut tombs in the

arid valley of the king, with the mortuary temples at some distance outside the

valley.

Of these, one of the first and most unusual was the mortuary temple(c.1478BC).

Of Hatshepsut at Dayr el-bahri, built by the royal architect Senemut(died c.1482

bc).

The rock-cut tombs were dug deep into the cliff sides of the valley of the kings in

an effort-not always successful-to conceal the resting please of the royal

mummies.

In the 19th Dynasty, Ramses II, one of the greatest builders of the new kingdom,

created the gigantic rock-cut temple of Abu Simbel in Nubia, to the south.

As in all periods, domestic and palace architecture was of perishable mud brick.

Enough remains have been preserved, however, to convey an idea of well

planned multiroomed palaces with painted floors, walls and ceilings.

Houses for the upper classes were arranged like small estates with residential

and service buildings in an enclosed compound.

Examples of the modest worker’s dwellings can even be found, clustered

together in villages very much like those of modern Egypt.

PHYSICAL PLANNING

Presented By: Sri Siddhartha. A Aparna.S

Greek Civilization

In the year 1900, Sir Arthur Evans discovered the Minoan Palace Knossos which gave a start to the Greek civilization.

ORIGIN

Ancient Greece home land of Greek civilization that flourished 800-300 B.C

It mainly spread by Greek settlements across the meditarian(1050-500 B.C) and then across Asia to north western India through the conquests of Alexander the great in 4th century B.C

Until 500 B.C its main centers were the Greek cities on the western coast of Asia and the larger islands of the again sea.

From 600B.C onwards it was the mainland city of Athens, the hub of the Greek world.

INTRODUCTION

Western civilization is their heir, as it is not the heir of any other ancient

civilization, except (through sculpture) that of the Jews

The civilization arose within the framework of a basic social unit’ the “polis"

(literally city), which has not so much a town or city state as a citizen

community.

The “polis” arose in Greece in the 8th century B.C and was certainly

established by 735 B.C

By 800-750B.C ,Greeks have also invented alphabets and began to literate

INTRODUCTION

GREEK ALPHABETS

GREEK TOWN PLANNING

The emphasis on planning broadened during the Greek era

Religious and civic citadels were oriented so as to give a scene of aesthetic

balance, streets were arranged in grid pattern and housing was integrated

with cultural, commercial and defence facilities.

The Greek architect “hippodamus” of miletus planned important Greek

settlements such as “priene”and“pireaus” (now pireas) called Father of

town planning ,he emphasized a geometric design for towns.

GREEK TOWN PLANNING

Plato

Socrates

Hippocrates

Archimedes

Aristotle

Euclid

solon

Archimedes

Thales

GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE

The art and architecture of Greece and the Greek colonies dating from about 1100B.C to the 1st century B.C.

They have their roots in Aegean civilization ,but their unique qualities have made them among the strongest influences on subsequent western art and architecture

Greek art is characterized by the representation of living beings. It is concerned both with formal proportion and with dynamics of action and emotion.

Its primary subject matter is the human figures ,which may represent either gods or mortals, monsters, animals and plants are secondary

Greek architects usually worked in

marble or limestone, using wood and tile

for roofs. sculptures carved marble and

limestone, modeled clay, and cast work

in bronze

GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE

The chief themes of Greek art are taken from

1.Myth

2.Literature

3.Dialy life

The artists, philosophers and intellectuals were drawn to

settle in the city where they advanced the ideas of

ethics ,human society and even town planning

The sciences of astronomy and medicine were furthered

outside Athens, but their development was impeded.

The modern Greek alphabet has 24 characters and is written from left to

right. It is based on the alphabet used by the ancient Greeks.

Modern Greek may be divided into the broad categories of Katharevousa

and Demotike.

The former is a 19th-century invention that followed Greek independence;

it was intended to create a national language purged of foreign, especially

Turkish, influences. Demotike is vernacular Greek, which developed

naturally over centuries, and was made the national language only in

1976, when democratic government was restored

Introduction of Greek Alphabets

• In ancient Greece, poor people and rich people lived in different kinds of houses.

• All houses were made of mud bricks and needed frequent repairs. Houses of the poor people were very simple compared to the houses of the rich, which had more rooms centered around a courtyard.

• The floors and walls in the houses were carefully created using stones, tiles, or pebbles. The nicest houses used pebbles to create mosaics. To do this, they went to the seashore and collected colored pebbles of similar sizes and arranged them in sand to make a picture or pattern on the floors or walls.

• The Greeks are most famous for using a variety of columns in buildings to hold and support the roofs.

Buildings in Greece

The picture below shows the types of columns those are used:

Roman Civilization

Presented By :

Ravi Teja Kumaraswamy

Introduction

Ancient Rome, the period between the 8th and 1st centuries BC.

Nearly 3,000 years ago shepherds first built huts on the hills beside the Tiber River in central Italy.

The political history of Rome is marked by three periods.

In the first period the city developed from a village to a city ruled by kings.

History………….

Monarchy

According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC.

The Etruscans, who had previously settled to the north in Etruria, seem to have

established political control in the region by the late 7th century BC.

The Etruscans apparently lost power in the area by the late 6th century BC.

Republic A constitution of the Roman

Republic set a series of checks and balances, and a separation of powers.

The Romans gradually subdued the other peoples on the Italian peninsula, including the Etruscans.

The Romans secured their conquests by founding Roman colonies in strategic areas.

In the second half of the 3rd century BC, Rome clashed with Carthage in the first of three Punic Wars.

In the mid-1st century BC, three men, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Cassius, formed a

secret pact—the First Triumvirate.

Caesar emerged victorious, and was made dictator for life.

Later, In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by senators.

But in the aftermath a Second Triumvirate-Octavian, Mark Anthony, Lepidus.

This alliance soon descended into a struggle for dominance.

Empire

Rome's dominion spanned 2.5 million

square miles (6.5 million km²).

The various co-rulers of the Empire

competed and fought for supremacy for

more than half a century.

On May 11, 330, Emperor Constantine I

firmly established Byzantium as the

capital of the Roman Empire and renamed

it Constantinople.

Society

Life in ancient Rome revolved around

the city of Rome, located on seven hills.

It had fountains with fresh drinking-

water.

The imperial city of Rome was the

largest urban center of its time.

Most of the centers had a forum and

temples.

Ancient Rome commanded a vast area of land,

with tremendous natural and human resources.

Rome's economy remained focused on

agriculture and trade.

The economy of the early Republic was largely

based on smallholding and paid labor.

Slaves are estimated to have constituted around

20% of the Roman Empire's population.

Economy

Language

The native language of the Romans was

Latin.

Greek came to be the language spoken

by the well-educated elite.

Latin remains traditional language of

the Roman Catholic Church and the

official language of the Vatican City.

Art

Roman painting styles show Greek

influences.

Several examples of Roman painting

have been found at Pompeii.

Portrait sculpture during the period

utilized youthful and classical

proportions.

Architecture

The Romans were particularly renowned for their architecture.

Rome borrowed heavily from Greece in adhering to strict, formulaic building designs and proportions.

Rome had relatively few architectural innovations until the end of the Republic.

Military

The early Roman army was like those of

other contemporary city-states

influenced by Greek civilization.

It was small and organized in five

classes with three providing hoplites and

two providing light infantry.

At nominal full strength it includes

3,600 to 4,800 heavy infantry.

The nature of military leadership

evolved greatly over the course of the

history of Rome.

Comparatively less is known about the Roman navy than the Roman army.

The fleet was given up in 278 AD and replaced by allied forces.

The Roman navy comprised a number of fleets including both warships and merchant vessels.

In conclusion, the success of the ancient Roman Empire as developing into a higher more advanced society.

BAROQUE CIVILIZATION

By

Sahithya

Rakesh

The origins of the word baroque are not clear. It may have been derived from the Portuguese barocco or the Spanish barueco, indicating an irregularly shaped pearl. The word itself does not accurately define or even approximate to the meaning of the style to which it refers. • Beginning around the year 1600, the demands for new art resulted in, what is now known as the Baroque.

Introduction

Historical background

The 17th century could be called the first modern age Religion determined many aspects of Baroque art. Political situations also influenced art. The development of Baroque style, in all its various forms, must

be seen in its historical context. The realization that the Earth was not at the centre of the

universe coincided in art, with the rise of pure landscape painting devoid of human figures.

Characteristics of baroque style

Baroque art is a sense of movement, energy, and tension.

Strong contrasts of light and shadow enhance the dramatic effects of many paintings and sculptures.

Intense spirituality is often present. Infinite space is often suggested in

Baroque paintings or sculptures. Realism is another integral feature of

Baroque art Artists of this time were concerned with the

inner workings of the mind and attempted to portray the passions of the soul through the facial features of their subjects.

Italian Baroque Painting Most influential artists to undertake a

systematic reform of the Mannerist style were the Carraccis

Other Baroque classicists, such as the French painters Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain, came from abroad to work in Rome.

Another turning point in the history of Baroque painting took place in the late 1620s.

Many artists attempted to introduce greater liveliness and drama into their works to create illusions of limitless space (illusionism).

One of the first High Baroque masterpieces was the Assumption of the Virgin (1625-1627)

BAROQUE ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Baroque Art and Architecture, the style dominating the art and architecture of Europe and certain European colonies in the Americas throughout the 1600s, and in some places, until 1750

Although that period was dominated by the succeeding Rococo style

Baroque style appear in the art of virtually every country in Europe.

The term Baroque also defines periods in literature and music.

In Baroque architecture, new emphasis was placed on bold massing, colonnades, domes, light-and-shade (chiaroscuro), 'painterly' color effects, and the bold play of volume and void.

The other Baroque innovation in worldly interiors was the state apartment in Europe.

It was copied in smaller scale everywhere in aristocratic dwellings for self importance of that people.

Baroque art, the art of expansion, was itself materially to expand. Baroque, not simply as an art form or style, but as a way of living

out the diversity-unity of the world.

Baroque as a world philosophy

Baroque is homogeneous, harmonious and comprehensible Rationalism refined this concept which fitted in well with its growing

ambition to dominate reality Baroque art was a reaction against the rationalist claim to penetrate

the mysteries of the known in one single, incisive, uniform movement Baroque art is a reaction against a natural order, naturally proffered

as evidence.

By: Yuva Rekha Anvesh

RENAISSANCE

• Neo classic or renaissance period:13thcentury to 17th century.

•Showing the contrast between the rich and the poor, Effects of Gun Powder and

Church on the Pattern &Structure of Settlement Development, Emergence of

Monumentality and Development of Open Spaces and Parks in Civic Design.

MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE:

The physical size of towns was restricted by the girth of the fortification

•Facilities of transportation and urban roads were cumbersome.

•Towns were conjested because they were built with in ready reach of one another

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

Trade brought concentration of people to towns situated on main cross-roads.

Commerce increased in between towns and countries

The new economy was dominated by the possession and control of money.

POLITICAL

Though military aggression diminished between the towns,invention of

gun powder now needed a large number of trained professional

soldiers, no more unpaid soldiers.

Military Engineering became a science.

ECONOMY

Printing press was invented and ways were devised to improve the simple

hand machines.

Gun powder was invented in 15 century and new techniques of warfare

were introduced.

Strategy for defense changed, old fortifications were found inadequate.

New fortifications were extended over much larger areas around the towns.

TECHNOLOGY

New towns were founded in which the central and most dominating

buildings were those of the nobles i.e,the courts of kings. For example:

royal gardens and palances of nobles.

In medieval towns, manifestation was in the form of developing

squares ,piazza, plazas and formal congregation spaces. For example:

Piazza of St.Peters,Plazza Del Popolo.

SOCIO-CULTURAL

Plaza of St.Peters

Plazza del popolo

The Renaissance period in India synchronizes with the Mogul Rule. The whole of this period is full of invasions and conquests.

Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1526 and thus began the Mogul rule which lasted for the whole of Renaissance period and ended with it.

ADVENT OF EUROPEANS

India, infact became one of the geographical discoveries, facilitated by the invention of Mariners compass

European voyagers began to arrive in India early during this period and

their empire building started.

INDIA - IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

The British ultimately established their empire after wresting power from the Peshwas in the Deccan and from the titular Moghul King in Delhi.

The French and the British entered the struggle for power in this country at the invitation of local warring chiefs.

MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES DURING THE MOGHUL PERIOD

BRITISH SUPREMACY

•The Moghul kings were found of pump and personal luxury•This period is marked with architecture style of its own.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

BySandeep ReddySathish kumar

DEFINITION

The complex of radical socioeconomic changes, such as the ones that took

place in England in the late 18th century, that are brought about when extensive

mechanization of production systems results in a shift from home-based hand

manufacturing to large-scale factory production.

The first Industrial Revolution merged. Into the Second Industrial Revolution

around 1850

CONTENTS

Causes of industrial revolution

Financial situations support industrial revolution

Technological development

Social effects

Conclusions

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Why was Britain the first country to industrialize? This change, which occurred

between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain

for the Industrial Revolution.

To decrease the expenditure on labor and to increase the profits the economic

society had searched for huge profitable inventions

Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain

received from its Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment

many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade

FINANCIAL SITUATIONS SUPPORT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Financial Situations

What were the financial situations necessary to support the Industrial Revolution?

A new banking system

In Britain, expansion had led to new "private banking," a new money economy, and trading

organizations such as the Hanseatic League. Modern credit facilities also appeared, such as the

state bank, the bourse, the promissory note, and other new media of exchange. This created

economic stimulus which in turn gave the people more money to spend (Commercial

Revolution).

A large amount of capital for investment

From the New World had come gold and silver, which in less than a century more than doubled

European prices and stimulated economic activity, which in turn gave the wealthy more money

to spend on new ideas (Commercial Revolution).

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they

enabled manufacturing machines to be made

The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the

Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead

chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck in 1746

The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the

Industrial Revolution; however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the

majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man-power

for driving small machines

A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was developed in

Europe during the early 19th century.

SOCIAL EFFECTS

However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the industrial

revolution took place as well. Pre-industrial society was very static and often

cruel—child labor, dirty living conditions and long working hours were just as

prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.

Child labor had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in

population and education it became more visible Industrial revolution elsewhere

Disease was spread through a contaminated water supply. Conditions did

improve during the 19th century as public health acts were introduced covering

things such as sewage, hygiene and making some boundaries upon the

construction of homes

CONCLUSIONS

Industrial revolution lead to new inventions and new ideas and new pattern of

living

Some inventions which became the foundation of modern invention stand at the

top of history

But it also lead to occupy the countries and establishing the colonies to

increase there investments on raw materials which lead to struggle of those

colonies

Indus Valley Civilization

BySuchitra.RVeeranababu.K

INTRODUCTION

Carbon test of the excavation reveals the approximate period of this civilization was

3000 B.C or earlier.

This corresponds to Mahabharata period.

It can be presumed that Mohenzodaro, Harappa, Nasik, Tamluk and such other

excavations were the seats of civilizations.

They must have been influenced by invaders to India and their culture and civilization.

Historians claim an identifiably independent culture at Mohenzodaro and Harappa –

“that was marked by development of wheels, use of coinage, art of expression and

representation, architecture and planning techniques”

GEOGRAPHY

Temperature moderate, 24o N to 32 o N latitudes, North of Vindhyas.

Influence of Vedic period is less in the settlement plan.

Hence influence of some other culture must be there.

Migration of the Aryans could be the answer.

Cultivation was easy and no need for irrigation perennial supply of snow fed water

land.

POLITICAL

The invaders were more militant than Vedic people.

They defeated the Vedic natives, captured the land without almost any resistance.

Political or defense leadership of the Aryans gradually reduced than before.

Settlements did not now require defense walls.

TECHNOLOGY Metals were in use.

Coinage was in vogue – a medium for exchange.

Knowledge of geometry, angle, rectangle, slope of ramp, circle, helical coil, ets. were

known.

Knowledge of cardinal direction , sun and wind directions was there.

Wheels were in use as a development of a circle.

Circular tubes for drainage or water supply were in use.

Wheeled traffic brought roads.

ECONOMY

Agriculture of Vedic period plus animal husbandry of the invading Aryans leading to

dairy development.

Import of cow by Aryans.

Imported technology was engaged in developing industries and crafts.

Trade and commerce developed.

Economic leadership gradually became important.

Distinct areas for agriculture, industry, trade and commerce.

Market economy developed by medium of exchange of coins.

SOCIO-CULTURAL

A New social horizon: More division of labor, more specialization leading to more

social stratification.

Those concerned with Veda, i.e., religion, ethics, art, philosophy, science, and ect.

Those engaged in agriculture production.

Those engaged in industrial production.

Those engaged in trade and transportation.

Those engaged in administration.

This led to distinct zoning for the same in the settlements (temples, public spaces,

royal palace, dairy, craftsmen, trade centered, and etc.

MOHENZODARO: 3000 B.C

No fortification.

A major streets (second street and east street) in N-S direction.

Broadly at right angles.

Streets with in built –up areas were narrow.

Zoning was distinct for distinct groups, commerce at

the meeting of east road and first street, near palace.

Three broad divisions of the settlements.

The religious, institutional and cultural areas –around monastery

and great bath in the western part, including temple.

MOHENZODARO: 3000 B.C The northern part principally for production of agriculture and industries.

The southern part principally for administration trade and commerce.

Construction technique was very well advanced.

Buildings were of masonry constructions (sun-dried bricks).

Ranging from two rooms to mansions with many rooms.

Underground sewerages and drainage from houses.

Pumps (helical) to pump water in great bath.

Principal buildings were Monastry and bath indicating the influence of religion as a

culture.

Suchitra (070229) Veerannababu (070234) Anusha (070202) Ramakrishna (070216) Yuvarekha (070235) Anwesh (070203) Siddhartha (070226) Aparna (070204) T.R.Sandeep Reddy (070220) Satish (070222) Rakesh (070212) Sahithya (070218) Kumaraswamy (070211) Ravi Teja (070217)

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