GENETIC ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY :DEBJIT MUKHERJEEDEBORSHI GHOSHABHISHEK KUNDU

CONTENTS

• What is Genetic Engineering?• Some important terms.• Double stranded DNA.• Process of Genetic Engineering.• How did they do that?• Tools used in Genetic Engineering.• Field webbing Genetics.

CONTENTS

• Applications of Genetic Engineering.• Risk clouding above Plants.• Factors effecting humans• Drawbacks of GMO• Conclusion• Acknowledgement• Bibliography

What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering: is the artificial manipulation or alteration of genes.

Genetic Engineering involves:• removing a gene (target gene) from one organism• inserting target gene into DNA of another organism• ‘cut and paste’ process.

Recombinant DNA: the altered DNA is called recombinant DNA ( recombines after small section of DNA inserted into it).

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO): is the organism with the altered DNA.

Some important terms!!!

Genes: A gene is the molecular unit of heredity of a living organism Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses

Process of Genetic Engineering

Five steps involved in this process:

1. Isolation

2. Cutting

3. Insertion (Ligation)

4. Transformation

5. Expression

1. Isolation:• Removal of human DNA (containing target gene).• Removal of plasmid (bacterial DNA) from

bacterium.

2. Cutting: • Both human DNA and plasmid DNA are cut with

the same restriction enzyme.• Normally plasmid has only one restriction site

while human DNA will have many restriction sites.

3. Insertion:• means that target gene is placed into the DNA of the plasmid or cloning vector.• cut plasmids are mixed with human DNA sections allowing the cut ends to combine.

4. Transformation: Bacterial transformation may be referred to as a stable genetic change brought about by the uptake of naked DNA (DNA without associated cells or proteins) to increase DNA quantity and competence refers to the state of being able to take up exogenous DNA from the environment.

1. The jellyfish has a gene that makes a glowing protein. This makes the jellyfish glow in some types of light.

2. The glowing gene is taken from a jellyfish cell and spliced (inserted) into an empty virus cell (with no bad virus in it)

3. The genetically engineered virus attaches itself to the fertilized mouse egg cell.

4. The virus delivers the glowing gene into the egg cell nucleus, where it joins the mouse DNA.

5. The genetically engineered mouse egg grows into an adult mouse which will make the glowing protein. The glow is too faint to see under normal lights but can be detected using a special camera.

How Did They Do That?

Tools used in genetic engineering!!!• Source of DNA: Target (foreign) DNA – DNA taken from one organism to be placed into the DNA of a second organism.

• A cloning vector: Special kind of DNA that can accept foreign DNA and exactly reproduce itself and the foreign DNA e.g. Bacterial plasmid (loop of DNA found in bacteria).

Tools Used in Genetic Engineering

Restriction Enzymes: - are special enzymes used to cut the DNA at specific places.

- different enzymes cut DNA at specific base sequences known as a recognition site. For example

I) One restriction enzyme will always cut DNA at the base sequence: GAATTC. ii) Another restriction enzyme only cuts at the

sequence: GATC.

If DNA from two different organisms is cut with the same restriction enzyme the cut ends from both sources will be complementary and can easily stick together.

Tools used in Genetic Engineering

DNA Ligase: Enzyme which acts like a glue sticking foreign DNA to DNA of the cloning vector.

• will only work if DNA from the two DNA sources has been cut with the same restriction enzyme i.e. sticky ends of cut DNA will be complementary to each other.

FIELD WEBBING GENETIC

MUTATION:- Mutation can be defined as an alteration in DNA sequence. This plays a great role in the process of ‘EVOLUTION’.

GENE MAPPING:- Gene Mapping is also called as ‘Genome Mapping’ which is the creation of genetic map assigning DNA fragments to chromosome. Transduction & linkage are most important tools of Gene Mapping.

DNA PROFILING :-DNA Profiling or DNA Typing has become an important method for forensic scientists to identify criminal or to solve civil cases. These includes some reliable method like ‘Blood Typing ‘ , ‘Fingerprint’ analysis & some extra-ordinary method like ‘Bite Mark Comparison’ & ‘Hair Microscopy’ analysis.

Appl icat ions of Genetic

Engineer ingPlants: Weed killer-resistant crops• many types of crop plants have bacterial genes added to them.• these genes make the plants resistant to certain weed killers (herbicides).• this means that the weed killers kill the weeds but do not affect the transgenic plants. Animals:

There is a growing trend to experiment with inserting human genes into the DNA of other mammals. The transgenic animals formed in this way will then produce a human protein and secrete it into their milk or even into their eggs.

Appl ications of Genetic Engineer ing

Animals: Sheep produce human clotting factor• A human gene has been inserted into the DNA of sheep.• This allows the adult sheep to produce a clotting chemical needed by haemophiliacs to clot their blood produced in the milk of the sheep.

Appl icat ions of Genetic Engineering

Micro-organisms: Bacteria make insulin• The human insulin gene has been inserted into a bacterium (E-coli).• This allows the bacterium to produce insulin for use by diabetics.

Risk clouding above plants

Nutritional value• Contamination of genes in crops • Changes in taste an Appearance• Causes allergies in crop.

Risks of Genetically Modified Plants• Inability to constrain the Genetically modified plants.• Plants which are genetically engineered to grow in extreme climates or with a

resistance to herbicides may become pests or weeds themselves.

Risk to bio diversity:• The introduction of genetically modified plants into the environment may

have devastating effects on biodiversity.• The introduction of a modified organism into the environment may cause

the displacement of indigenous fauna and flora.

Drawbacks of GMOAnimal Welfare:•There is serious concern that animals will suffer as a result of being genetically modified.

• Danger of possibility of GMO’s being released into the environment.

•Using animals in genetic engineering demeans them as creatures, as they are treated merely as commodities

•Experimenting with deleting genes, gene mutations or defective genes maycause drastic physiological and behavioral changes.

Factors effecting Humans

•As the technique is very new the Risks involved are not fully understood•Determining the gender of a child.•Designer baby•Fear of identity crisis (CLONING)

•GMO’s as a food source: Outlined below are some fears associated with the use of GMO’s as a food source:

• Cannibalism:•eating an animal containing a human gene is a form of cannibalism.•feeding GMO’s containing human genes to animals that would later be eaten by humans• Religious reasons: eating pig genes that are inserted into sheep would be offensive to Jews and Muslims.•Offensive to vegetarians/vegans: eating animal genes contained in food plants cause concern.

CONCLUSION

• Is it right to assume that a few scientists can improve on the results of

Billions of years of natural evolution?• Will this bring discrimination to the society?• Are we ready for its consequence?• “Every life form is unique, and has intrinsic value regardless of

any perceived value that it may have for humans”

Acknowledgement

Special thanks to A.P Sir for giving us the opportunity for allowing us to present this topic.

I heartily praise our group friends for their active cooperation & participation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Google.• Wikipedia.