1648 (a turning point)Signing of PEACE OF WESTPHALIA that ended the 30years war2 principles established by the PEACE OF WESTPHALIA

SovereigntyCollective Security

CENTRAL POWERS ALLIED POWERS

Austria-Hungary Germany Bulgaria Ottoman Empire

British Empire France Russia Serbia Italy United States

Nation’s Involved

AlliancesGermany backed Austria-Hungary

and Russia backed Serbia

Nationalism Assassination of Archduke

Franz Ferdinand in Sajarejo(Bosnia)On June28,1914Heir to the Austria-Hungary’s crown

Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908 (but it was an area claimed by Bosnia)Austria-HungaryEthnic and linguistic composition was completely mixed, minority groups demanding separation and independence

Rise of GermanyGermany’s neighbor(France) became alarmed by Germany’s economic and military strengthGermany on the other hand feared

encirclementImperialism

Germany’s bid for power reflected in the desires for colonies.

This antagonized Britain

The TREATY OF VERSAILLES WAS SIGNED ON JUNE 28,1919

Ended the state of war between Germany and allied powersCreated the League of NationsLed to WWII

US->Emerging economic powerWhen US came->Germany lost

The fall of Empires: GermanyOttoman EmpireAustria-Hungarian Empire are divided into smaller nations

Germany must amid armamentsPay reparationsAdmit guilt in starting warGreat minorities fairly, Germany

AXIS POWERS ALLIED POWERS

Germany Italy Japan

United States France Britain USSR

Germany Adolf HitlerBritain Winston ChurchillItaly Benito MussoliniSoviet Union Joseph StalinUS Franklin RooseveltJapan Hideki Tojo

Treaty of VersaillesHarsh terms and the ineffective enforcement

Germany angered over the war guilt clauseNazi expansionism-> sought to restore Germany to its original borders, expanded to include all GermansAnnexed Austria and the Sudetenland in CzechoslovakiaGerman people were the master raceLebensraum (living space)

Hitler exploited the nation’s resentment to promote his Facist ideology

A totalitarian philosophy of governmentGlorifies the state and nationAssigns to the state and nation Every aspect of nation life

League of NationsA weak league (US did not join)Unable to prevent German AggressionAdopted a policy of appeasementGiving concessions to an aggressor

Pearl HarborDecember 7,1941Japan launched a surprise attack on

Pearl Harbor which was the principal American Naval Base in the PacificJapanese Leader’s decided that their

only chance to avoid total defeat was to launch a preemptive strike against the US Naval ForceThe Philippines-> Pro-US

The US-> promised independence for Filipino’s

Why?1931-The US condemned the Japanese invasion of Manchuria1937-Japan invaded China, the US imposed

economic sanctions1940-Japan occupied French Indochina, the

US imposed on embargo(no one can enter/exit a territory on scrap metal & steel)1941-Japan would not pull of China, the US

halted oil experts to Japan and froze Japanese assets, thus restricting Japan’s ability to pay for imports

WWII in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of Germany in May1945In the East, the war ended when Japan surrendered unconditionally on August 5, signing their surrender on September 2 following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August

The US and the USSR became super powersThe League of Nations became United NationsThe Cold War starts

Each defeated nation has to pay separations and

limit the size of its military force