UNIT 2 TEST REVIEW: MARCH 2ND

“Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them.” ~ Napoleon Bonaparte

How to Prepare for your Test Complete the Student Guides from the

lessons in Unit 2 (print them out!) Complete all the Unit 2 Checkpoints and

Quizzes!! Read the Study Guide I pushed out at the

beginning of this session. This is an OPEN NOTE TEST!! ASK QUESTIONS!!

The Test

Unit 2 Test – PART I - Worth 51 PointsThere are 17 multiple choice questionsYou have unlimited time to take the examYou may RETAKE the exam for a higher score It is DUE by Sunday, March 6th at midnight

Unit 2 Test – PART II – Worth 20 PointsYou must complete the essay portion of the test!Use the Essay Guide to complete the essay

Topics to choose:Napoleon Bonaparte claimed to have put into practice the ideals of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment. Do you think he did? Did his actions and the legacy of his reign represent those ideals? Write a paragraph in which you state whether or not Bonaparte’s reign and legacy embodied the ideals of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment. Provide facts to support your claim.

ORThere were similarities and differences between the American and French revolutions. Write a paragraph that compares and contrasts these two

revolutions. Describe both how they were alike and how they were different.

The Scientific Revolution!

1.What was it a REVOLT against?

2.What helped to bring it about?

3.What did it lead to?

Geocentric –

The Earth is the Center of the Universe

Heliocentric Theory –

The Sun is the Center of the Universe

Ptolemy vs Copernicus

Galileo Galilei Designed New Scientific devices:

Thermometer Perfected the Telescope

Confirmed Copernicus’ Theory

about the Sun at the center

Silenced by the Church: The Inquisition condemned Galileo in 1633 because his teachings

clashed with the Bible, which read: "God fixed the earth upon its foundation, not to be moved forever." Galileo was later pardoned after 359 years! Hooray for science!

Galileo inspired many other astronomers, who used the telescope to discover other planets and constellations.

Galileo proved the moon wasn’t smoothand perfect. Bad idea, Galileo!

Sir Isaac Newton Developed the “Theory of

Universal Gravity” Discovered White light

was comprised of multiple spectrums of light

Developed Calculus

Laws of MotionFirst law (the law of inertia): A body in motion will stay in motion, and a body at rest will remain at rest, unless acted on by a force.Second law: The force of an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.Third law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

* Proved the universe follows a set of predictable rules.

The Enlightenment Locke - It is

the government's job to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

Montesquieu - 3 Branches of Government – Judicial, Legislative, Executive. Influenced the U.S. Constitution

Voltaire - God had made the universe then left it to run on its own, Kings “should” be governed by Reason

Hobbes – Humans are naturally violent and Selfish

Rousseau– Humans are naturally Good and Society Corrupts them

American Revolution: Causes Britain’s Debt: Fixes? Taxes:

Sugar Act of 1764Stamp Act of 1765

Proclamation of 1763 No Representation in Parliament Boston Massacre Intolerable Acts Massachusetts Militia and the British

Regulars fire upon each other on Lexington Green, 1775. The Revolution had begun!

The New America

Articles of Confederation – Passed in 1781WEAK central governmentNo power to…

○ Collect taxes, force states to follow federal law, establish an army, print money

Much confusion among states – no unity or uniformity

A “more perfect Union” was required…

The U.S. Constitution, 1789

Power is shared between federal and state governments

Separation of Powers – Who originally came up with this idea?

Checks and Balances system What type of legislature did

the Constitution create? How many parts?

It established a government based on a document reflecting the will of the people

The French Revolution: 3 Causes1. The commoners (the poor) paid ALL the taxes!!!2. The 3rd Estate, made up of commoners, could not vote in the Estate-General!3. France was facing a FINANCIAL CRISIS! Taxes and prices went up!

Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

Robespierre – Ruled with the Council of Public Safety in 1793

They rounded up anyone who opposed the government

300,000 arrested; 17,000 executed. Their money and land were turned over to the gov’t.

Robespierre was eventually beheaded. (karma, much?)

France under Napoleon Bonaparte

Set up tax collection system

Est. a national bank Fired corrupt officials Set up public schools Restored power to

Catholic Church Napoleonic code:

uniform set of laws… Erased old feudal laws

and made everyone equal!

Only U.S. state that uses it?

Napoleon in Power Appointed to lead French Army in 1796 by

the Directory 1798 – Mediterranean Campaign (Defeat

which Napoleon glorifies) 1799 Coup De Ta – Napoleon in Power 1804 Napoleon the Emperor

Meanwhile European Coalitions form to crush the Revolution

Britain sole hope of Europe 1807 Peninsula Disaster - Portugal 1812 Russia Campaign falls apart –

Napoleon’s most serious Defeat 1813 Napoleon exiled to Elba 1814 100 Days – and Defeat at Waterloo,

died on St. Helena in 1821

Revolutions in Latin America Haiti

Leader - Toussaint-L’ouverture○ Haiti was the first Latin American colony

to gain its independence in 1804.○ Toussaint was a former slave.○ France regained control of Haiti, but eventually gave up the colony

when slavery was no longer allowed.

MexicoLeader - Father Hidalgo

○ Fought against Spain – “Grito de Dolores”○ Declared Mexico Independent on Sept 16, 1810

Failed: Poor Mob vs Wealthy Mestizos

○ Executed in 1811○ Mexico finally became independent in 1821

Why did Democracy fail after these Latin American revolutions?

1.) Military strongmen named caudillos took control as dictators and limited the freedom of the people

2.) Leaders had limited experience with representative gov’t.

New Spirit of Nationalism! In the early 1800’s, Germany and

other countries unified to defend themselves against Napoleon

This would later lead to the creation of united European countries, like…

Italy –Was divided into small principalitiesYoung Italy 1831–

○ Giuseppe Mazzini – Pushes for Italian Rule of Italians; More Power for the

People, UnificationGiuseppe Garibaldi – Eventually Unites

Italy under King Victor Emmanuel 1st in 1860. Viva Italia!

Nationalism Unites Germany!

Germany – Otto Von Bismarck – Chancellor of

Prussia in 1862German Choice – Prussia or Austria?Prussia forces war upon Austria

○ Using Railroads and new weaponry they defeat Austria

Bismarck Rules with an Iron Fist Bismarck teases war with FranceWon the Franco-Prussian war in 1871

○ He used Militarism to draw other kingdoms to Prussia, creating a united Germany, then….

○ The German Empire formed in 1871

QUESTIONS???

SECRET PHRASE: “There’s no reason I can’t get an A on this test!”