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"Crime & Violence in Brazil... how safe are you really." Presented by: Dr. Corinne Davis Rodrigues 27 October 2010 - at Minas International
Citation preview
Trick or Trends: Crime and
Violence in Brazil
Corinne Davis Rodrigues, Ph.D.
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
General Crime Trends in Brazil
• Since the mid-1980’s, there has been a significant increase in crime in Brazil
• These increases have occurred primarily in urban areas and in violent as opposed to property crime.
• The largest increases up to 2000 ocurred in the Southeast region, especially in the cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
Total de homicídios para toda a população do Brasill
53.325(Taxa 30,6)
14.435(Taxa 12,2)
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
Ano 1980 Ano 2002
Nú
mer
o d
e h
om
icíd
ios
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1520
2530
Anos
Tax
aTrends in Brazilian Homicide Rates – 1980 to 2000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1015
2025
3035
40
Anos
Taxa
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1015
2025
3035
40
Anos
Taxa
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1015
2025
3035
40
Anos
Taxa
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1015
2025
3035
40
Anos
Taxa
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1015
2025
3035
40
Anos
Taxa
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1015
2025
3035
40
Anos
Taxa
BrasilNorteNordesteSudesteSulCentro-Oeste
Trends in Brazilian Homicide Rates by Region1980 to 2000
Recent Crime Trends in Brazil
• However, after 2000, violent crime rates in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo have declined, whereas violent crime in other cities has increase, especially in the Northeast.
Taxas de Homicídio (em 100.000) na População Total por Capital e Região 2000/2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Anos 2000 - 2007
Taxa
s de
Hom
icíd
io (e
m 1
00.0
00) Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
São Paulo
Vitória
Recife
Robbery, Theft and Assault – Capital Cities
2004-2005
Robbery Theft Assault 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004 2005
Belo Horizonte
1,537.2 934.52 1,091.3 939.11 203.9 227.76
Rio de Janeiro
1,258.6 1,268 985.7 1,078.14 419.7 424.90
São Paulo
1,525.4 1,416.55 1,887.4 1,853.63 346.5 370.52
Vitória
1,175.6 1,165.94 2,457,7 2,416.46 397.9 393.86
Florianópolis
501.7 370.48 4,278.4 2,801.06 727.30
490.20
Fortaleza 1,908.1 2,617.7 2,264.7 2,678.29 342.8 425.36
“Interiorization” of Crime
• While rates for the capital cities are still high, most recently the capital cities are not “driving” the crime rates.
2005
Homicide – Jaboatão dos Guararapes, PE (92,08)
Assault – Rio Branco, AC (1752,20)
Robbery – Fortaleza, CE (2617,7)
Theft – Brasília, DF (9916,01)
Explaining Crime in Brazil
• What are the explanations for crime in Brazil?
• Explanations developed in the social sciences emerged beginning in the 1980’s.
• Prior to then, discussions of crime were relegated to legal scholars.
Explaining Crime in Brazil
• Explanations from Brazilian scholars center around four explanations• Inequality/poverty• Inefficiencies of the formal system
of social control• Socal transformations/social
interactions• Inequality revisited
Crime Trends for Minas Gerais
• In Minas Gerais, we see a crime “peak” between 2003-2005, with substantial declines after 2005.
• Minas Gerais also demonstrates the “interiorization” phenomenon, with concentrations of crime occurring in other medium size cities and not just in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte
Crime in Belo Horizonte
• Just as in the state as a whole, crime is not equally distributed in the city of Belo Horizonte.
• Who you are, where you live and where you circulate affect your crime risk.
Determinants of Crime Risk
• Routine activities/Lifestyle theory
• Social disorganization/Broken Windows
Socio-demographic characteristics
• Sex• Age• Race• Socio-economic status• Marital status• Employed (working at time of the
survey)
Routine activities/Lifestyle Variables
• Exposure• Leisure risk• Street risk• Everyday risk
• Proximity• Lives in favela/public housing
• Guardianship• Number or adults in household• Preventive measures
Social Disorganization Variables
• Public disorder• factor score (abandoned builidings,
empty lots, and trash)• Social disorder
• sum of 10 items (street vendors, informal car attendants, homeless, beggars, public urination or defecation, public acts of obscenity, general vandalism, vandalism of public property, public arguments, and prostitution)
Determinants of Crime Risk
TYPE OF CRIME CRIME RISK Robbery
Leisure Risk 7.2% Street Risk
8.9%
Prevention Measures
- 7.1%
Assault Physical incivilities scale - 24.5% Buglary Never married - 12.8% Lives in favela/public housing
169.6%
Determinants of Crime Risk
• Physical characteristics don’t matter• Being white, male, etc.
• Where you live matters• What you do (lifestyle) matters
• -both degree of risk and safety measures
• Lifestyle matters more for robbery than for assault
What is being done to keep you safe?
• Fica Vivo• Homicide reduction
• Olho Vivo• Monitored cameras downtown
• IGESP – Integration of Public Security Management (modeled on Compstat)• Integration of information and
resources between police