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African Salt/Gold Trade
Sahara Desert merchant caravans exchanged salt for gold
Al-Qaeda
Formed by Osama bin Laden
Alliance SystemSought to preserve balance of power but dragged their members intoWorld War I
Archimedes
Greek who studied levers and pulleys
Armenians
Christians in the Ottoman Empire who faced genocide in World War I
Thomas Aquinas
Natural laws based on reason
Arms Race
Race to develop better weapons – U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.
Atlantic Slave Trade
Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Aztec CivilizationHighly complex society in Central MexicoUsed unique agricultural techniques – including floating gardens
Balkans
Spark that ignited World War I; and, ethnic cleansing by Serbs in 1990’s
Black DeathDisease carried by fleas on rats that killed millions of people in Europe
William BlackstoneRights of Individual
Símon Bolivar
Independence in South America
Bolsheviks
“Peace, Bread and Land” – Russian Revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte
French general who seized power, declared himself emperor and conquered much of Europe.
Robert Boyle“Father of Chemistry”
Buddhism
Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path
Byzantine Empire
Eastern Roman Empire - Constantinople
John Calvin
• New Protestant Church• Predestination• Faith as key to salvation• Strict moral code
Christianity
Based on teachings of Jesus as the Son of GodForgiveness, Mercy, Sympathy for Poor
Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister during World War II – “We shall never surrender.”
Cold War
20th Century conflict between U.S. and U.S.S.R. – never directly engaged each other in open warfare
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of products and ideas between Native Americans and Europe
Commercial Revolution
From local economies to Mercantilism
Confucianism
Filial Piety = Respect for elders and order
Nicolas Copernicus
Believed Earth orbited the Sun – Banned by The Church
Crusades
War to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims – Led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East.
Marie Curie
First woman to win Nobel Prize - radioactivity
Darfur
Sudan – acts of genocide
Declaration of the Rights of Man
French Revolution – consent of the governed and protection of rights.
Thomas Edison
American Inventor – light bulb, phonograph and motion pictures.
Albert Einstein
Time and Space areRelative
Elizabeth I
• Shared power between monarchy and Parliament
• Defeated the Spanish Armada
English Bill of Rights
Signed by William and Mary agreeing to many rights for English subjects
English Civil War
War between Parliament and Charles I over supremacy
Enlightenment
Thinkers questioned hereditary privilege and absolutism
Eratosthenes
Greek who showed that the Earth was round and calculated its circumference
European Imperialism
European economic control of Africa, Asia and the Pacific
Fascism
Intense nationalism and belief in an all-powerful militaristic leader
Wilson’s 14 Points
• Goals announced by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
• Created the League of Nations
Free Enterprise System
Free actions of producers and consumers – supply and demand – determine economic questions
French Revolution
Overthrew monarchy and ended hereditary privilege
Galileo Galilei
• Confirmed the Earth traveled around the Sun
• Was tried and convicted by The Church
Indira Gandhi
First Woman Indian Prime Minister -- was assassinated in 1984.
Mohandas Gandhi
• Leader of Indian independence movement
• Non-violent • Passive resistence
Genocide
Murder of an entire group of people or nationality – Holocaust, Rwanda,Darfur,Kosovo
Globalization
Global economy through communications, transportation and trade
Glorious Revolution
Overthrow of James II of Britain and the placement of William and Mary on the throne. They agreed to a Bill of Rights.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet reformer led to the election of non-Communist governments in Eastern Europe and dissolution of the U.S.S.R.
Great Depression
Devastating economic downturn in the 1930’s
Great Schism
Split in Catholic Church with two PopesCaused many to question the authority of The Church
Greek Civilization
Major contributions to art, architecture, philosophy, literature, drama, and history
Gupta Empire
Peace, Prosperity and Trade – The Golden Age of Hindu Culture
Hammurabi’s Code
Earliest written law code of the Babylonians – promoted justice, but treated social classes differently
Han Dynasty
Silk RoadCivil service examinationsPaper and CeramicsBeginning of Pax Sinica
Hinduism
• Reincarnation• Many gods and
goddesses• Karma and Dharma
Adolph Hitler
Nazi Party leader of the German totalitarian state prior to and during World War II
Thomas Hobbes
Man is “nasty and brutish” and need an authority to keep order – Wrote Leviathan
Holocaust
Genocide of Jews and others by Nazis in World War II
Human Rights
Rights that all people possess
Hundred Years’ War• War between
England and France over succession to the French throne
• Brought an end to feudalism
Inca Civilization
Pre-Columbian civilization in Andes Mountains
Industrial Revolution
Began in EnglandMoved production from home to factoryand from hand to machine
Islam
Founded by MuhammadFive Pillars of FaithOne God – AllahShare wealth between rich and poor
IsraelIn 1948, the U.N. partitioned Palestine into 2 states – Israel and Palestine. Five neighboring Arab nations declared war on Israel.
John Paul II
• Popular 20th Century Pope
• Helped end Communism in Eastern Europe
Justinian’s Code of LawsIn Byzantium, Justinian collected all Roman laws and organized them into a single code
Korean War1950’s – Communist North Korea invaded South Korea – United States and United Nations intervened
Las Madres de la Playas de Mayo
Argentine mothers who demanded the government reveal the whereabouts of children who mysteriously disappeared in the 1980’s.
League of Nations
• Proposed by Woodrow Wilson
• Created by the Treaty of Versailles
• Failed to stop war
Limited Monarchy
Monarch shares power with Parliament
John Locke
• Power comes from consent of the governed
• People have the right to overthrow abusive government
• Two Treatises of Civil Government
Magna Carta
In 1215, King John of England guaranteed right to a trial by jury and consent of a council of nobles needed for any new taxes.
Nelson Mandela
• Imprisoned for speaking out against apartheid
• South Africa’s first black President
Manorialism
Economic system of feudal Europe – self-sufficient manors
Karl Marx
Believed workers would eventually overthrow their capitalist bosses.
Mauryan Empire
Emperor Asoka converted to BuddhismImproved roads, build hospitals, and encouraged education.
Mayan Civilization
Pre-Columbian civilization in Guatemala and YucatanBuilders and creators of a numbering system
Golda Meir
First woman Prime Minister of Israel
Militarism
Civilians adopt military values and goals and become over-relianton military advisors – led to the outbreak of World War I
Ming Dynasty
• Followed the Mongols
• Moved China’s capital to Beijing
• Ruled for 300 years of peace and prosperity
Monarchy
System of government in which political power is inherited.
Monotheism
Belief in one GodShared by Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Baron de Montesquieu• Separation of Powers –
Executive, Legislative, and Judicial
• Wrote The Spirit of Laws
Benito Mussolini• Italian leader during
World War II• Fascist state –
controlled the press, abolishing unions, and outlawing strikes
Napoleonic Wars•Wars between
Napoleon of France and the rest of Europe• Spread the
ideals of the French Revolution
Printing Press• Johann Gutenberg• Movable type• Helped spread the
ideas of the Protestant Reformation
Nationalism• Each
nationality is entitled to its own government and homeland• A cause of
World War I
Neolithic Revolution
When people learned how to plant and grow crops, and herd animals
Isaac Newton
Discovered laws of gravityUniverse acts according to certain “fixed and fundamental” laws
Protestant Reformation
Led by Martin Luther – Many Christians left the Catholic Church for Protestant Churches
Pythagoras
Greek mathematician - Advances in geometry
Qin Dynasty
• Qin Shi Huangdi – China’s first emperor• Unified China, built roads and canals• Constructed the Great Wall to protect
the empire
Radical Islamic Fundamentalism
Reaction by radical Muslims against Western valuesSeek to return to strict Islamic values and rules
Renaissance
A rebirth of European culture that started in Italy – spirit of inquiry – rediscovery of classical learning – improvements in painting and architecture
Republic
A system of government by representatives.
Normandy Landing
Largest amphibious assault in history - Allied troops landed at Normandy to retake France from the Nazis
Roman Civilization
Absorbed Greek learning – known for engineering skills, rule of law, andThe Rise of Christianity
October Revolution of 1917• Revolution in 1917• Bolsheviks seized
power in Russia• Russia became a
Communist nation
Oligarchy
Rule by a few, powerful people.
Ottomans• Turkish nomads from
Central Asia• Ruled the Islamic world of
the 13th century• Conquered Constantinople
in 1453
Panama Canal
Built by the United States in Mesoamerica to provide a short water route between the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans
Popular Sovereignty
Ultimate power rests on the
consent of the people being
governed.
Louis Pasteur
Scientist found that most diseases are caused by germsDeveloped new vaccinesPasteurization = killing germs by heating.
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 – surprise attack by Japanese on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii that brought the U.S. into World War II
Fall of the Roman Empire
In 476 – Rome was overrun by invading barbarian tribes Followed by the Dark Ages – a period of great turmoil in Europe
Jean Jacques Rousseau• Enlightenment Philosopher• Government should follow the
will of the people• Inspired the French Revolution
Rwanda
African nation that experienced genocide against its Tutsi population by the Hutus.
Scientific RevolutionRejected traditional teaching of the ChurchIntroduced the Scientific Method – observing nature and testing hypotheses
September 11, 2001
Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked commercial airliners and crashed them into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center, killing thousands of Americans.
Natan Sharansky
•Russian dissident• Founder of Refusenik
Movement• Imprisoned for
speaking out for human rights in USSR
Sikhism
Religion developed in Northern IndiaSikhs believe in one God who can only be known through meditation
Silk Road
Trade route connecting China to the Roman Empire. China exported silk, porcelain and tea.
Adam Smith
Wrote Wealth of NationsAttacked mercantilismPromoted competition and the division of labor and free market system
Socialism
Government should pass laws to stop abuses of workers and should even take over some businesses
Song Dynasty
Period of great social and economic progress in ChinaFirst use of paper currency and standardized coins
Joseph StalinCommunist leader following Lenin;Purged government of his opponents;Established a totalitarian state;Resisted Hitler and started the Cold War
Suez CanalProvided a shorter route from Europe to East Africa, India, and East Asia. Served as a lifeline between Britain and its colonies, especially India.
Tang Dynasty
Suppressed peasant uprisings,Reunited China,Revived feudal relationships and brought peace and prosperity.
Ten Commandments
Commandments in the Jewish religion prohibiting stealing, murder and other forms of immoral behavior.
Mother Teresa
Catholic nun who devoted her life to helping the poor and homeless in IndiaAwarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Terrorism
Acts of violence against innocent civilians such as hijacking planes and attacking schools to make demands
on a hostile government.
Margaret Thatcher
First woman elected Prime Minister of Great Britain
Theocracy
A society governed by religious leaders – Present day Iran is an example.
Tiananmen Square
Chinese students were fired on by tanks while leading peaceful demonstrations for personal freedom and democracy.
Hedeki Tojo
Led the Japanese government during World War IIConvinced the emperor to launch a surprise attack on the United States
TotalitarianismA government that controls all aspects of life – government, military, schools, and other organizations.
Trench Warfare
During World War I, ditches were dug to create fortified positions.
United Nations
Began in 1945,It’s purpose is to maintain world peace and encourage cooperation among nations.
Versailles Treaty
Treaty between Allied Powers and Germany that ended World War I.
Queen Victoria
Monarch who doubled Britain’s size and favored social reforms.
Vietnam War
War between Communist North Vietnam and U.S. supported South Vietnam. Started with the Viet Cong launching guerilla warfare against South Vietnam.
Voltaire
Enlightenment thinker;Views on religious toleration and intellectual freedom influence leaders of the American and French Revolutions.
Lech WalesaPolish union leader who organized the Solidarity Movement. Led a workers’ strike that led to free elections and the end of Communist rule in Poland.
James Watt
Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine and made steam power available to run factories and machines.
William Wilberforce
Reformer who led the fight to abolish the slave trade and slavery.
World War I
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand set off a chain reaction that involved most nations of Europe and later, the United State.
World War II
Most destructive conflict in historyKilled an estimated 70 millionLaunched when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939.
Mao Zedong•Chinese Communist
leader who drove Nationalists out of China.•Great Leap Forward•Cultural Revolution
Zhou Dynasty
Zhou rulers justified their rule by the Mandate of Heaven – If a ruler was selfish and ruthless, Heaven would overthrow him.