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America Joins the World Stage
U.S. Foreign Policy 1867-1905
Causes of U.S. Imperialism• Moving West/Taking land
U.S. Territorial Expansion
Causes of U.S. Imperialism• Moving West/Taking land
• Intellectual/Beliefs – Monroe Doctrine– Manifest Destiny– American Exceptionalism
Seward’s Folly• Alaska Purchased 1867 • $7.2 m. (12 cents/acre) • new American Empire?!
Seward’s Folly• Alaska Purchased 1867 • $7.2 m. (12 cents/acre) • new American Empire?!
Our new Capital?!?
Causes• Intellectual/Beliefs
– Monroe Doctrine– Manifest Destiny– American Exceptionalism– Social Darwinism– White Man’s Burden
• Religious
• Political
• Economic– Influence of Sea Power...Influence of Sea Power...Alfred Thayer MahanAlfred Thayer Mahan
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Causes• Intellectual/Beliefs
– Monroe Doctrine– Manifest Destiny– American Exceptionalism– Social Darwinism– White Man’s Burden
• Religious• Political• Economic
– Influence of Sea Power...Alfred Thayer Mahan– markets for goods/trademarkets for goods/trade
Taking Hawaii
• Queen Liliuokalani removed from throne in 1893
Sanford Dole
• engineered removal of Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani
• ordered to return Hawaii
• stays as Pres./Gov. until 1903
Revolution in Cuba
• Cuba was a Spanish colony
• Cubans fought Spanish from 1868 on & off
• Americans view
Revolution in Cuba
• Feb. 1895 new rebellion starts– led by José Martí– destroy Spanish & U.S. sugar fields
• Spain out• U.S. help?
• Martí was killed (G. Washington of Cuba)
America’s Position
• Most Americans supported the Cubans– American Revolution– Monroe Doctrine
• Washington’s Neutrality
Causes of SPAM: de Lôme Letter
• Enrique Dupuy de Lôme
Spanish ambassador to U.S.
• Wrote a letter to friends in Cuba– Cuban agents seized the letter and gave it to
the New York Journal in Feb., 1898– Called President McKinley, “weak and a
bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” Ouch!– McKinley/US insulted
Causes of SPAM: The U.S.S. Maine• Showing the Flag
– McKinley sends battleship Maine to Havana– protect our investments in Cuba
• Feb. 15, 1898, Maine explodes – at the time, thought Spanish mine was cause– recently (1999), coal fire/boiler explosion– 268 American Sailors died
The wreck of the U.S.S. Maine
U.S.S. Maine before the explosion
U.S.S. Maine MemorialArlington National Cemetery
Causes of SPAM: Yellow Journalism
• Sensationalized stories to sell papers
• Joseph Pulitzer: New York World• William Randolph Hearst: New York Journal
Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst
Spanish Oppression• 300,000 Spanish troops sent to Cuba
• Led by General Valeriano Weyler – Nicknamed “The Butcher”– Reconcentration camps (300,000)
• Disease, starvation, brutal treatment• about 1/3 died
Causes of SPAM
• new attitudes toward imperialism (mentioned before)
• de Lome letter• sinking of Maine (“Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain”)
• Yellow Journalism/Jingoism
• Humanitarian concerns
War is Declared
• April 11, 1898, McKinley asked Congress to declare war
• Teller Amendment U.S. won’t annex Cuba
• April 25, U.S. declared war on Spain
Major Battles
• Manilla May 1, 1898, Commodore Dewey crushes Spanish fleet
Major Battles
• Manilla May 1, 1898, Commodore Dewey crushes Spanish fleet & takes P & G
• Santiago, Cuba June-July, 1898 Rough
Riders (TR) take “San Juan Hill”
The Splendid Little War
• 4 months long• U.S. deaths = 5,400 but only 379 from combat
• Treaty of Paris 1898– Cuba indep. – US gets Guam, Philippines, & PR– US pays $20 m. to Spain
Filipino Insurrection 1899-1902
• Filipino allies now want U.S. out
• Emilio Aguinaldo leads guerrilla war
Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino Insurrection 1899-1901
• Filipino allies now want U.S. out
• Emilio Aguinaldo leads guerrilla war
• Filipino deaths = 20,000/200,000+
• U.S. deaths = 5,000+/-
Open Door Policy 1899(fails)
Platt Amendment 1903
• Cuban couldn’t make treaties w/out US approval
• US has “right to intervene”
• Naval base at Guantanamo Bay
Creating Panama (& then the canal)
Colombia/Panama
Panama Canal
• 1881-1888• 1904-1914
• 5600+ U.S. deaths
Monroe Doctrine @ Work: U.S. Intervention in Latin America
