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The PresidencyMichael P. Fix
Early Debates over Executive Power
How Much Power?
vs.
How Much Power?
John LockeFrom www.wikipedia.org
Prerogative Powers
An executive needs the power to do “several
things of their own free choice, where the law is silent, and sometimes too, against the direct
letter of the law, for the public good.”
Other Questions?
• Should the executive be a single person or several?
• How should the executive be selected?• What should be the length of service?• Should the executive be removable
from office?• Should the executive or Congress be
supreme in foreign policy• Should the executive or Congress have
power to make war?
Presidential Powers under the Constitution
• Must be a “natural born Citizen.”• Must be at least 35 years old.• Must have lived in the U.S. for at least
fourteen years.
Formal Requirements
Article II, Section 1
Presidential Powers under the Constitution
Under the original text of theConstitution there were
no term limits for the presidency
Term Limits
Presidential Term Limits
Tradition of serving two termsAfter two terms as president, George Washington left office. In his farewell address he advised that his successors follow this precedent. From http://04697.06sc.thinkquest.nl/afbeeldingen/politiek.jpg
Presidential Term Limits
In 1940 Franklin Roosevelt became the first president elected to a third term. In 1944, he was elected to his forth term.
From www.hudsonlibrary.org
Presidential Term Limits
The Twenty-Second Amendment
The Twenty-Second Amendment formalized the tradition of presidents
serving two terms.
Prior to Franklin Roosevelt this had not been necessary as every had followed this
tradition in practice.
Formal Constitutional Powers
• Commander-in-Chief
• Treaty power
• Appointment power
• Recess appointments
Electoral College
• Nearly half of Article II deals with the method of presidential selection.
Electoral College
• Nearly half of Article II with the method of presidential selection.
• The creation of the Electoral College was a check against “mob rule” while maintaining the independent of the executive branch from the legislature.
Evolution of Presidential Powers
George Washington
1st President
1789-1797
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
Thomas
Jefferson
3rd President
1801-1809
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
Andrew
Jackson
7th President
1829-1837
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
John
Tyler
10th President
1841-1845
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
James K.
Polk
11th President
1845-1849
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
Abraham
Lincoln
16th President
1861-1865
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
Theodore
Roosevelt
26th President
1901-1909
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
Woodrow
Wilson
28th President
1913-1921
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President
1933-1945
Image from www.wikipedia.org
Evolution of Presidential Powers
Images from www.wikipedia.org
Imperial
Presidents
Lyndon B.
Johnson
&
Richard M.
Nixon
http://tapes.millercenter.virginia.edu/clips/1964_0809_lbj_haggar/index.htm
Evolution of Presidential Power
Images from www.wikipedia.org
Reagan and Beyond
Presidential Roles
Chief of State
As the first president, George Washington refused all formal titles and trapping of royalty.
Chief of State
The role of Chief of State largely consists of performing ceremonial activities, designed to bring the nation together in good times and times of crisis.
Chief Legislator
Presidential legislative authority:
1. Veto power2. Recommend
measures3. State of the Union
Chief Legislator
While some early presidents took an active interest in legislative matters, it was not until the advent of the “modern presidency” that presidents became actively involved in the legislative process.From www.newdeal75.org
Chief Legislator
Commander-in-Chief
Constitution gives the president the role of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces
Commander-in-Chief
In 1973, Congress enacted the War Powers act in order to limit the ability of the president to commit the armed forces of the
United States
The Chief Executive
• The president is in many ways the nation’s chief administrator and head bureaucrat
• Congressional policy vagueness gives the president and federal bureaucracy a chance to shape public policy
The Chief Executive
Executive Order
Formal regulation governing executive branch operations
issued by the president
Cabinet
The heads (secretaries) of the executive
departments together with other top officials accorded cabinet rank by the president; only occasionally does it meet as a body to
advise and support the president
The Chief Executive
Chief Diplomat
Appointing ambassadors
Receiving ambassadors
Treaties
Executive Agreements
Fast-track trade authority
Meeting with foreign leaders to forge ties and make formal alliances
Foreign policy tools