Marriage & Poverty: Utah

Marriage:Utah’s No. 1 Weapon

AgainstChildhood Poverty

How the Collapse of Marriage Hurts Childrenand Three Steps to Reverse the Damage

A Heritage Foundation Book of Charts • January 2012

Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society

Growth of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in Utah, 1929–2010

PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCKThroughout most of Utah’s history, out-of-wedlock childbear-ing was rare.

When the federal government’s War on Poverty began in 1964, only 1.9 percent of children in Utah were born out of wedlock. However, over the next four decades, the number rose rapidly. By 2010, 19.2 percent of births in Utah occurred outside of marriage.

Note: Initiated by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964, the War on Poverty led to the creation of more than three dozen welfare programs to aid poor persons. Government has spent $16.7 trillion on means-tested aid to the poor since 1964.

Sources: U.S. Government, U.S. Census Bureau, and National Center for Health Statistics.

heritage.orgChart 1 • Marriage and Poverty in Utah

0%

5%

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15%

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25%

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

19.2%

Death of Marriage in Utah, 1929–2010

PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN BORN TO MARRIED COUPLESThe marital birth rate—the percentage of all births that occur to married parents—is the flip side of the out-of-wedlock birth rate.

Through most of the 20th cen-tury, marital births were the norm in Utah. In 1964, over 98 percent of births occurred to married couples.

However, in the mid-1960s the marital birth rate began to fall steadily. By 2010, only 80.8 per-cent of births in Utah occurred to married couples.

Note: In any given year, the sum of the out-of-wedlock birth rate (Chart 1) and the marital birth rate (Chart 2) equals 100 percent of all births.

Sources: U.S. Government, U.S. Census Bureau, and National Center for Health Statistics.


75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

80.8%

In Utah, Marriage Drops the Probability of Child Poverty by 82 Percent

The rapid rise in out-of-wedlock childbearing is a major cause of high levels of child pov-erty in Utah.

Some 30.5 percent of single mothers with children are poor compared to 5.5 percent of mar-ried couples with children.

Single-parent families with children are nearly six times more likely to be poor than families in which the parents are married.

The higher poverty rate among single-mother families is due both to the lower education levels of the mothers and the lower income due to the absence of the father.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.


PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN THAT ARE POOR

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Single-Parent, Female-Headed

Families

Married, Two-Parent Families

30.5%

5.5%

Nearly One-Fifth of All Families with Children in Utah Are Not Married

Overall, married couples head about four in every five families with children in Utah. Around one in five are single-parent families.



Unmarried Families

Married Families

20.6%

79.4%

In Utah, 55 Percent of Poor Families with Children Are Not Married

Among poor families with children in Utah, over half are not married. By contrast, 45.5 percent of poor families with children are headed by married couples.



Unmarried Families

Married Families45.5% 54.5%

In Utah, Few Unwed Births Occur to Teenagers

Out-of-wedlock births are often confused erroneously with teen births, but only 8.9 percent of out-of-wedlock births in Utah occur to girls under age 18.

By contrast, some 76 percent of out-of-wedlock births occur to young adult women between the ages of 18 and 29.

Note: Figures have been rounded.

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS data.


PERCENTAGE OF OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS BY AGE OF MOTHER

Age18–19:16.1%

Age20–24:36.8%

Age25–29:22.7%

Age30–54:15.5%

UnderAge 18:8.9%

Less-Educated Women in Utah Are More Likely to Give Birth Outside Marriage

Unwed childbearing occurs most frequently among the women who will have the greatest difficulty sup-porting children by themselves: those with low levels of education.

In the U.S., among women who are high school dropouts, about 65.2 percent of all births occur outside marriage. Among women who have only a high school diploma, well over half of all births occur outside mar-riage. By contrast, among women with at least a college degree, only 8.1 percent of births are out of wed-lock.

Note: Specific data on out-of-wedlock births and maternal education are not available in Utah. However, the pattern varies little between states. Utah data will be very similar to the national data presented in this chart.



PERCENTAGE OF BIRTHS THAT ARE MARITAL OR OUT OF WEDLOCK

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80%

90%

100%

High School Dropout

(0–11Years)

High School Graduate

(12Years)

SomeCollege(13–15Years)

College Graduate

(16+Years)

65.2%

54.5%

42%

8.1%

34.8%

45.5%

58%

91.8%

Mother’s education level

Unmarried Mothers

Married Mothers

Both Marriage and Education Are Highly Effective in Reducing Child Poverty in Utah

The poverty rate of married couples with children is dramati-cally lower than the rate for households headed by single parents. This is true even when the married couple is compared to single parents with the same edu-cation level.

For example, in Utah, the pov-erty rate for a single mother who has only a high school diploma is 30.7 percent, but the poverty rate for a married couple family headed by an individual who, similarly, has only a high school degree is far lower at 7.7 percent.

On average, marriage drops the poverty rate by about 73 percent among families with the same education level.



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50%

High School Dropout

High School Graduate

SomeCollege

College Graduate

43.6%

18.2%

30.7%

7.7%

23.3%

5.8%

16.7%

2.5%

Note: Virtually none of the heads of families in the chart who are high school dropouts are minor teenagers.

PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN THAT ARE POOR

Poverty Rate of Families by Education and Marital Status of the Head of Household

Single Married

Unwed Birth Rates Vary Strongly by Race in Utah

Out-of-wedlock childbearing varies considerably by race.

In 2008, 20.4 percent of births in Utah occurred outside marriage. The rate was lowest among non-Hispanic whites. In this group around one in eight (13.6 percent) were born outside marriage.

Among Asians, nearly one in five children were born out of wedlock. Among Hispanics, 45.8 percent of births were out of wedlock. Among blacks, nearly half of all births were to unmarried women. The rate was highest among American Indian women. In this group, two-thirds of births were non-marital.



PERCENT OF BIRTHS THAT ARE OUT OF WEDLOCK

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80%

All Races White Non-

Hispanic

HispanicAsian BlackNon-

Hispanic

AmericanIndian

20.4%

13.6%

18.8%

45.8% 47.7%

8.3%66.2%

Racial Composition of All Births and Out-of-Wedlock Births in Utah

ALL BIRTHS OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHSIn Utah in 2008, some 76.8 percent of all births occurred to non-Hispanic whites, 17 percent occurred to Hispanics, 3.2 percent occurred to Asians, and 1.2 percent were to American Indian women.

Because Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks are more likely to have children without being married, they account for a disproportionately larger share of all out-of-wedlock births. Even so, the majority of unwed births still occur to white non-Hispanic women.

In Utah in 2008, 51.1 percent of all non-marital births were to non-Hispanic whites, 38.2 percent were to Hispanic women, 4 percent were to American Indians, and 3 percent were to Asian women.



Note: Figures have been rounded.

76.8%

17%

3.2%

51.1%

38.2%

3%

White Non-Hispanic

Hispanic

American IndianBlack Non-Hispanic

Not Stated

1.2%1.0%0.8%

4.0%2.3%1.4%

Asian/Pacific Islander

Non-Married White Families Are Six Times More Likely to Be Poor in Utah

Marriage leads to lower poverty rates for whites, blacks, American Indians, and Hispanics.

For example, in 2009, the pov-erty rate for married white families in Utah was 3.4 percent. But the poverty rate for non-married white families was six times higher at 20.2 percent.



PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR

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25%

Married Families Non-Married Families

3.4%

20.2%

Non-Married Black Families Are Nearly Four Times More Likely to Be Poor in Utah

In 2009, the poverty rate for married black couples in Utah was 8 percent, while the poverty rate for non-married black families was four times higher at 33.9 percent.




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8%

33.9%

Non-Married Hispanic Families Are Three Times More Likely to Be Poor in Utah

In 2009, the poverty rate for Hispanic married families in Utah was 12.6 percent, while the pov-erty rate among non-married families was over three times higher at 38.1 percent.




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12.6%

38.1%

Non-Married American Indian Families Are Nearly Four Times More Likely to Be Poor in Utah

In 2009, the poverty rate for American Indian married families in Utah was 12 percent, while the poverty rate among non-married families was over almost four times higher at 42.4 percent.




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12%

42.4%

Three Steps to Reduce Child Poverty through Marriage

1) Provide information on the benefits of marriage in reducing child poverty and improving child well-being.

2) Reduce anti-marriage penalties in means-tested welfare programs.

3) Promote life-goal-planning, marriage-strengthening, and divorce-reduction programs to increase healthy marriages and reduce divorce and separation.

Marriage is a highly effective institution which greatly decreases parental and child poverty while improving long-term outcomes for children. Conversely, the absence of marriage greatly increases welfare costs and imposes added burdens on taxpayers.

Unfortunately, almost no information on these topics is available in low-income communities. This information deficit should be corrected in the following manner:

• Explain the benefits of marriage in middle and high schools with a high proportion of at-risk youth;

• Create public education campaigns in low-income communities on the benefits of marriage; and,

• Require federally funded birth control clinics to provide information on the benefits of marriage and the skills needed to develop stable families to interested low-income clients.

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Marriage & Poverty: Utah