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Satoshi InomataIDE-JETRO
Mapping Global Value Chains: International Input-Output Table
“3E” HOT TOPICS
- Employment and poverty
- Environmental issues
- Economic integration
2009年のiPhone小売価格
=$500(Apple利益率64%)
$331$7
$162
International value distribution of iPhone
Retail price of iPhone in 2009
= $500(64% margin for
the Apple)
Cost of parts for iPhone3GManufacturer Components Unit Price
Toshiba (Japan) Flash Memory US$24.00Display Module US$19.25Touch Screen US$16.00
Samsung (Korea) Application Processor US$14.46SDRAM-Mobile DDR US$8.50
Infineon (Germany) Baseband US$13.00Camera Module US$9.55RF Transceiver US$2.80GPS Receiver US$2.25Power IC RF Function US$1.25
Broadcom (US) Bluetooth/FM/WLAN US$5.95Numonyx (US) Memory MCP US$3.65Murata (Japan) FEM US$1.35
Dialog Semiconductor(Germany)
Power IC Application ProcessorFunction
US$1.30
Cirrus Logic (US) Audio Codec US$1.15Others US$48.00
Pro
du
ct desig
n
Assem
bly
Distrib
utio
n
Marketin
g
Cu
stom
er services
Material p
rocu
remen
t
R &
D
Parts p
rocu
remen
t
Value-added
Productionprocess
Pro
du
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esign
Assem
bly
Distrib
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Material
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* Analytical focus is limited to a particular product/firm. Not appropriate for economic analyses at the national level.
* Firm-level data does not explicitly present “compensation of employees”.
* The approach only considers the value-added structure of direct input suppliers (the first tier).
Weakness of “firm-level” approach
→ International Input-Output Analysis
Automobiles(Y10 billion)
Rough steel(Y8 million)
Electricity(Y400,000)
Coal products(Y100,000)
Petroleum products(Y40,000)
Steel(Y12 million)
Wholesale(Y2 million)
Road freight transport(Y400,000)
Sea shipping(Y200,000)
Dye(Y3.5 million)
Intermediate organicchemical products
(Y500,000)
Composite plastics(Y200,000)
Electricity(Y100,000)
Wood pulp(Y100,000)
Wholesale(Y100,000)
Chemical fiber(Y2.1 million)
Financing(Y300,000)
Wholesale(Y300,000)
Car parts(Y260 million)
Cold-finished steel(Y60 million)
Steel shar slit(Y20 million)
Paint(Y17 million)
Composite rubber(Y30 million)
Carbon black(Y10 million)
Silk and rayon textiles(Y10 million)
Raw rubber (imported)(Y10 million)
Car chassis(Y650 million)
Tires and inner tubes
Glass products(Y130 million)
Internal-combustionengines
(Y1.52 billion)
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
InitialImpact
1st-roundImpacts
2nd-roundImpacts
3rd-roundImpacts
4th-roundImpacts
Value-added
Value-added
Value-added
Value-added
Value-added
Value-added
Value-addedValue-addedValue-addedValue-added
Value-added
Value-addedValue-added
Value-added
Value-addedValue-addedValue-addedValue-added
Value-added
Value-addedValue-added
Value-added
Value-addedValue-addedValue-addedValue-added
Value-added
Value-addedValue-addedValue-added
Value propagation (car industry)
Agri- Manu- Services Agri- Manu- Services Cons- Invest Cons- Invest Export
culture facturing culture facturing umption -ment umption -ment to RoW
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Services
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Services
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Services
Wages
Profits
Depreciation
Taxes
LUW
Intermediate DemandU.S.A.
Final DemandU.S.A.
Final DemandCHINA
LCW
U.S
.A.
Intermediate DemandCHINA
CH
INA
VC
RE
ST
OF
TH
EW
OR
LD
Va
lue
-ad
de
d
VU
Bilateral IIOT between
China and USA
Main IIOT initiativesDatabase Producing
organisationReference years Number of
countriesIndustry/ productclassification
AIIOT IDE- J ETRO 1975 1985 1990、 、 、1995 2000 2005、 、
10 (1975)56 1985-95)78( (2000-05)76
EORA University ofSydney
1990-2009:yearly Approx. 15020~500
EXIOPOLDatabase(CREEA)
EuropeanCommission
2000 + ROW43 industries129 products129
GTAP-MRIO PurdueUniversity
1990 1992 1995、 、 、1997 2001 2004、 、 、2007
129 industries57
ICIO OECD 1995 2000 2005、 、 、2008 2009、
+ ROW56 industries18
WIOD EuropeanCommission
1995-2011 yearly: + ROW40 industries35 products59
Value-added
Productionprocess
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Material
pro
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R &
D
Parts
pro
curem
ent
“Smiley Curve”
Value-added
Productionprocess
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esign
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Material
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DownstreamUpstream
How to evaluate country’s relative position
Backwardlength
Forward length
China1985
China2005
Indonesia
JapanKorea
Malaysia
Chinese Taipei
Philippines
SingaporeThailand
USA
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.9
2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9
Upstream
Downstream
Longersupply chains
Shorter supplychains
Backward APL
Fo
rwar
d A
PL
Backward Length
Fo
rwa
rd
Le
ng
th
1985
2000
China
China
Indonesia
Indonesia
Japan
Japan
Korea
Korea
Malaysia
Malaysia
Taiwan
Taiwan
Philippines
PhilippinesSingapore
SingaporeThailand
Thailand
USA
USA
1985
2005
DownstreamUpstream
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000
China
Japan
KoreaTraditional measurement
Value-added measurement
Million US$
33%
The US trade deficits:Traditional vs value-added measurement
Trade in Value-addedmeasures
international trade asa transfer of employment
opportunities. a transfer of CO2 emission
(carbon footprints). a flow of values
rather than of products.
Trade in value-added approach
• offers a better measurement of bilateral trade in the world of increasing production sharing among countries.
• can be a core apparatus for linking trade policies to crosscutting economic and/or social issues like job creation, poverty alleviation, and energy and environmental planning.
Thank you !!
Average Propagation Length (APL)
Dietzenbacher, E., I. Romero, and N.S. Bosma (2005)
Ind A Ind EInd DInd CInd B
(3)(1) (2) (4)
Ind C
Ind B
Ind C
Ind E
Ind D
Ind D
Ind E
Ind E
Ind D
(1)(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
(3)
(2)
Industry A →Industry E
Ind EInd DInd CInd BInd A
(4)
(4)(2)(1) (3)
Ind C
Ind B
Ind C
Ind E
Ind D
Ind D
Ind E
Ind E
Ind D
(1)(2)
(1)
(3)(3)
(2)
Industry A →Industry E
l(2) = 50%
l(4) = 10%
l(3) = 30%
l(4) = 10%
lae = 1 x 0% + 2 x 50% + 3 x 30% + 4 x (10+10)% + 5 x 0% + …= 2.7
Weighted average of the number of production stages in supply chains.
= The length of supply chains
Value-added
Productionprocess
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BackwardAPL
Forward APL
DownstreamUpstream
Value-added
Productionprocess
Pro
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Final products
Value-addedTrade in goods and services
Agri & Manu- Service Cons- Invest Export Import TotalMining fact'ing umption -ment Output
Agri & Mining 800 1800 200 600 400 300 -100 4000
Manufacturing1600 600 500 0 350 200 -250 3000
Service 400 300 900 350 50 0 0 2000
Wages 800 200 250
Profits 250 50 100
Depreciation 100 30 40
Taxes 50 20 10
Total Input 4000 3000 2000
Inte
rme
dia
teT
ran
sa
cti
on
Va
lue
Ad
de
d
Intermediate Transaction Final Demand
Schematic image of an I-O table
2009年のiPhone小売価格
=$500(Apple利益率64%)
$331$7
$162
International value distribution of iPhone
Retail price of iPhone in 2009
= $500(64% margin for
the Apple)
The US trade deficits with China( 1991 = 100 )