Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist , communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas are credited as the foundation of modern communism . Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto , published in 1848: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles ." Marx argued that capitalism , like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which will lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism , he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless , classless society called pure communism . This would emerge after a transitional period called the "dictatorship of the proletariat ": a period sometimes referred to as the "workers state" or "workers' democracy".In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism , capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process:We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged...the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own
1. Karl Heinrich Marx
(May 5, 1818 March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political
economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist,
and revolutionary, whose ideas are credited as the foundation of
modern communism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of
chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: " The
history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class
struggles."
Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems,
would inevitably produce internal tensions which will lead to its
destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed
socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a
stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would
emerge after a transitional period called the " dictatorship of the
proletariat" : a period sometimes referred to as the " workers
state"or " workers' democracy" .In section one of The Communist
Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role
internal social contradictions play in the historical process:We
see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose
foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in
feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these
means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which
feudal society produced and exchanged...the feudal relations of
property became no longer compatible with the already developed
productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be
burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped
free competition, accompanied by a social and political
constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of
the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own
eyes.... The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer
tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois
property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these
conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they
overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of
bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois
property.
Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change.
He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism
necessitate its end, giving way to socialism:The development of
Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very
foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates
products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are
its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat
are equally inevitable.(The Communist Manifesto) On the other hand,
Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized
revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through
the organized actions of an international working class: "
Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be
established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself.
We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present
state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the
premises now in existence."While Marx remained a relatively obscure
figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism
began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly
after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the
victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in
1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched
by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is
typically cited, with mile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the
three principal architects of modern social science.
Mollucas Island
The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands,
the Spice Islands) are an archipelago in Indonesia, and part of the
larger Maritime Southeast Asia region. Tectonically they are
located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision
Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi (Celebes),
west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The islands were also
historically known as the " Spice Islands"by the Chinese and
Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other
islands.
Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes,
and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow
islands, encompassed by the sea, is very luxuriant; including
rainforests, sago, rice and the famous spices - nutmeg, cloves and
mace, among others. Though originally Melanesian, HYPERLINK "
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"l " cite_note-0"[1]
many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were
killed in the 17th century. A second influx of Austronesian
immigrants began in the early 20th century under the Dutch and
continued in the Indonesian era.Politically, the Maluku Islands
formed a single province from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the North
Maluku (Maluku Utara) and Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera)
regency were split off as a separate province, so the islands are
now divided between two provinces, Maluku and North Maluku. Between
1999 and 2002 they were known for religious conflicts between
Muslims and Christians but have been peaceful in the past
years.
Spice Islands most commonly refer to the Maluku Islands (formerly
the Moluccas), which lie on the equator, between Sulawesi (Celebes)
and New Guinea in what is now Indonesia, and often specifically to
the small volcanic Banda Islands, once the only source of mace and
nutmeg.The term has also been used less commonly in reference to
other islands known for their spice production, notably the
Zanzibar Archipelago off East Africa consisting of Unguja, Mafia
and Pemba. These islands were formerly the independent state of
Zanzibar but now form a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania.
Pamahalaang Demokrasya
Ang demokrasya ay, sa literal, ang pamamahala ng mga tao (mula sa
Griyego: demos, " mga tao,"at kratos, " paghahari"o " pamamahala"
). Nasa gitna ng iba't ibang kahulugan ng demokrasya ang kaparaanan
na ginagampanan ng pamamahala nito, at ang binubuo ng " mga tao" ,
ngunit may mga kapakipakinabang na mga salungat ang magagawa sa mga
oligarkiya at awtokrasya, kung saan mataas na nakatuon ang
kapangyarihang politikal at hindi nasasakop ng makahulugang
pagpipigil ng mga tao. Samantalang ginagamit sa kadalasan ang
katagang demokrasya sa konteksto ng isang politikal na estado, ang
mga prinsipyo na nailalapat din sa ibang bahagi ng pamamahala.Ang
pamahalaan ay isang demokrasya kapag ang kapangyarihang mamahala ay
nasa kamay ng mga tao. Ang demokrasya ay tunay o tuwiran kapag ang
mga tao ang namamahala sa kanilang sarili sa pamamagitan ng
lantarang pagpapahayag ng kanilang saloobin. Isinasagawa nila ito
sa maraming pagkilos o mga pagpupulong na pambayan. Di-tuwiran,
kinatawan o republikano kapag ang mamamayan ay pinamamahalaan mga
taong hinalal o pinili nila. Ang Switzerland ay may tuwirang
demokrasya samantalang ang Pilipinas ay isang demokratikong
kinakatawan ng mga halal ng bayan.
Pamahalaang komunismo
Ang Komunismo ay isang ideolohiya na umaayon sa pagtatag ng
organisasyon pangsosyal na walang estado at kantas-antas batay sa
pantay na kaarian sa gamit ng produksyon. Maaring isa itong sanga
ng kilos sosyalista. Ang komunista ay tumubo sa maraming uri na
nangaling sa ba't ibang tao at kultura. Mga halimbawa ay ang
Maoism, Trotskyism, at Luxemburgism.Si Karl Marx ang nagbuo ng isip
ng komunismo sa libro niyang Communist Manifesto na tinapos ng
taong 1848.Sa isang komunistang bansa, hindi pinapayagan ang mga
mamamayan na makilahok sa pamamahala. Hindi sila nagtataglay ng mga
karapatan at itinuturing silang walang kalayaan. Higit na
tinatangkilik ng mga bansang hindi umuunlad ang komunismo. Marahil,
naiimpluwensyahan sila ng paniniwalang sa lipunang komunismo,
pantay-pantay ang mga tao.
Sa kasalukuyan, nagkakaroon na ng ilang pagbabago sa kaisipang
komunismo,lalo na sa larangang pangkabuhayan at paggawa. Ilan sa
mga pagbabagong ito ang pagbibigay n ibat-ibang pasahod batay sa
matratrabaho ng bawat manggagawa at pinapayagan din ang mga tao na
magkaroon ng sariling negosyo. Halimbawa, sa Yugoslavia at Hungary,
pinapayagan na ng mga opisyal ng pamahalaan ang mga propesyonal at
ang may-angking kakayahan na magtayo ng mga industriya at negosyo
upang magkaroon ng kompetisyon.
Pamahalaangmonarkiya
Ang monarkiya ay isang anyo ng pamahalaan na ang kataas-taasang
kapangyarihan ay lubusan o naturingang inilalagak sa isang
indibiduwal, ang pinuno ng estado, na kadalasang panghabang-buhay o
hanggang pagbibitiw, at " buong itong hinihiwalay mula sa lahat ng
kasapi ng estado." [1] Tinatawag na monarko ang namumuno sa
monarkiya. Ito ang karaniwang anyo ng pamahalaan sa mundo noong
luma at gitnang panahon.