Fudan 12 09 European Journalism Culture

thomas bauer / fudan university 12/09

CULTURE OF EUROPEAN JOURNALISMCULTURE OF EUROPEAN JOURNALISM

Thomas A. Bauer University of Vienna

Guest Lecture at

Fudan University School of JournalismFall Semester 2009

CULTURE IS THE EVERYDAY PRACTICE OF VALUESJOURNALISM CULTURE IS THE COMMUNICTIVE USE OF PUBLIC

VALUES

Thomas A. Bauer University of Vienna

Guest Lecture at

Fudan University School of JournalismFall Semester 2009

CULTURE IS THE EVERYDAY PRACTICE OF VALUESJOURNALISM CULTURE IS THE COMMUNICTIVE USE OF PUBLIC

VALUES


- Interest of Knowledge-- Interest of Knowledge-

Get aware that media management is a platform of developing society

and shaping the communicational culture through media

Get aware of similarities / differences between categories and positions

of analysis

Get reminded of the societal and cultural impacts and responsibility

working with and in media management

Get aware that managing media is managing the social mediatization of a society

Realize that managing media depends from standard of literacy and

from cultural conditions of

usage of media


COMMUNICATION SPACE EUROPECOMMUNICATION SPACE EUROPE

European Public Sphere under Conditions of Diversity of Particular Cultural Segments

Economical cultures (varying dispersion of resources and of structures of relation between richness and poverty)

Political cultures (one democratic structural system but different traditions in using them and varying standards of establishing civil society)

Social cultures (varying standards of social cohesion and mechanisms of trust)

Media cultures (varying standards of transnational awareness as a factor of European public sphere, of the role of media in relation to politics, and of nationally determined media literacy)

European Public Sphere under Conditions of Diversity of Particular Cultural Segments

Economical cultures (varying dispersion of resources and of structures of relation between richness and poverty)

Political cultures (one democratic structural system but different traditions in using them and varying standards of establishing civil society)

Social cultures (varying standards of social cohesion and mechanisms of trust)

Media cultures (varying standards of transnational awareness as a factor of European public sphere, of the role of media in relation to politics, and of nationally determined media literacy)


CULTURE OF EUROPEAN JOURNALISMCULTURE OF EUROPEAN JOURNALISM

A question of:

- Professionalism (Educational Standards, Quality Expectations, Quality Standards)

- Competence (Capacity, Legitimacy, Responsibility, Position)

- Personality (Authority, Habit, Attitude, )

- Media Environment (Organization, Audience)

- Social Environment (Role Acceptance, Social Image)

- Cultural Environment (Diversity, Migration, Transition, Social Change)

- Political Environment (System, Culture)

- Relationship between Political and Journalism Culture (dependency,

counter-dependency, independency, interdependence)

A question of:

- Professionalism (Educational Standards, Quality Expectations, Quality Standards)

- Competence (Capacity, Legitimacy, Responsibility, Position)

- Personality (Authority, Habit, Attitude, )

- Media Environment (Organization, Audience)

- Social Environment (Role Acceptance, Social Image)

- Cultural Environment (Diversity, Migration, Transition, Social Change)

- Political Environment (System, Culture)

- Relationship between Political and Journalism Culture (dependency,

counter-dependency, independency, interdependence)


ETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISMETHICS AND CULTURE IN JOURNALISM

Model of Journalistic EthicsModel of Journalistic Ethics


Journalistic Moral in Field of Tension of Different RationalitiesJournalistic Moral in Field of Tension of Different Rationalities

powerinfluenceprofitcalculation

truthTruthfulnesslegitimacycorrectnesstransparencyagreement

communica

tive

rationality

responsibilityfreedomservice to public interestpublic valueethical rationality

eco

nom

ica

l ra

tion

ality


Areas of Competence of Scientific Media StudiesAreas of Competence of Scientific Media Studies

Praxeology

Analysis/Interpretation

Practice Pragmatics

Lo

w L

eve

l of

Co

mp

ete

nce

Ad

van

cie

d L

eve

l o

f C

om

pe

ten

ce

ThematicApplication

GeneralApplication

Increasing Complexity of PracticeIncr

easi

ng C

ompl

exity

Of

Con

cept

ualiz

atio

n


Social Factors of Distinction of Media UseSocial Factors of Distinction of Media Use

Individual‘s position in social hierarchy: Lifestyle-Model (Rosengreen)

Capital Theory (Bourdieu)

- Positional and individual indicators influence thehandling of media

- Media menues and media knowledge used as means of keeping or improving the social position

Criteria:

- Work- orientation (accumulation of cultural capital)- Meaning (use of media as a character of distinction and

identity management

(Source: Meyen, Michael (2007): Medienwissen und Medienmenüs als kulturelles Kapital und Distinktionsmerkmale. In: Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2007, 333-354)


Media User Typology

(Source: Meyen, Michael (2007): Medienwissen und Medienmenüs als kulturelles Kapital und Distinktionsmerkmale. In: Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2007, 333-354 )

Media User Typology

(Source: Meyen, Michael (2007): Medienwissen und Medienmenüs als kulturelles Kapital und Distinktionsmerkmale. In: Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2007, 333-354 )

The dutyful ones

The independent ones

Work Orientation

Mea

ning

of

Med

ia

The frugal ones

The consumers

The hoovers/professionals

The elitists

The epicurs / hedonists


- Referencies -- Referencies -

2. Hallin, Daniel C. / Mancini, Paolo (2003) : Drei Modelle von Medien und politischer Kultur in Europa. Grundlegenede Überlegungen zu einer komparativen europäischen Journalismusforschung. In: Kopper/Mancini, p. 11 - 28

3. Löffelholz, Martin (ed.) (2000): Theorien des Journalismus.

Ein diskursives Handbuch. Wiesbaden

4. Internationales Handbuch Medien, 2004/2005 ed. by Hans Bredow Institut für Medienforschung an der Universität Hamburg. Baden Baden

5. Gavranovic, Ante (2006): Medijska obratnica. Novi citatelji traze drugacije novine. Zagreb

6. Bauer, Thomas A / Ortner, Gerhard E. (ed) (2001) : Medien für Europa. Düsseldorf

7. Bauer, Thomas A. /Ortner, Gerhard E. (ed) (2008): Werte für Europa. Paderborn

1. Kopper, Gerd G. / Mancini, Paolo (eds) (2003):

Kulturen des Journalismus und politische Systeme. Berlin


- MEDIA CULTURE (MC) -- MEDIA CULTURE (MC) -

The way and the mind how people use media in order to connect or to get connected to the environment of political and conversational discourses.

The question IS NOT: What does media do with people ?The question IS: What does people do with media ?

contextual consideration:

• Contemporaneous self-description: Media- (Communication-, Knowledge-) Society:

• There is no media-free existence of people, knowledge, events (medialized relevance)

• Interconnectivity of quality between media production (journalism), media consumption (public, recipient), socio-cultural environment, political environment

• MC always an integrative part of a society and its collective psychic structure / Analysis of media always is an analysis of the society and vice verse)

• MC also a product of specific historical development, of structural forms and of mentalities which reflect how the society deals with social conflicts or divergences.


- EUROPEAN MEDIA ORDER -- EUROPEAN MEDIA ORDER -

now 27 nations

EU - Identiy building in progress: One Voice Europe?

structural conditions of political and social system

different languages

different cultural symbols

different historical conditions

mutual resentments (clichés)

TECHNOLOGY

Satellite covering 500 Mio. people, 40 states, 17 national languages

crossborder broadcasting (ARTE, Phönix,...)

digitalisation and media convergence

EU Policy

European media order in progress (Radio/TV)

European Commission

not yet a transnational order system -> developing (centralized) EU Media Order is limited!

European Council

with strong position

European Court of Human Rights

Media freedom is a part of freedom of opinion, must be secured by state through positive legislation


- JOURNALISM CULTURE -- JOURNALISM CULTURE -

What are the main characteristics of the political structure of a country, which effect the media system – and vice verse ?

How does the form of democracy effect the media system?

Does the form of political participation correlate to the form how the media system is organized?

Are there important functional differences in media (print / TV) and does this relation effect the political system?

What is the degree of media literacy in a country (critical reading)?

Is there a self-referential reflection of media?Approximativ Theory of Difference in Media/Journalism Culture in Europe

measured at the for of relationship between media and politics

loosing specific character due to globalisation, commercialisation and secularisation

Comparison based on regions sharing common history and mutual influences!


- JOURNALISM CULTURE at MEDITERRANEAN -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at MEDITERRANEAN -

Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal

weak bourgeoisie and capitalism, late industrialisation, strong aristocracy, strong clergy, late introduction of press freedom, low circulation, Journalism close to literature, politics and economy

press = intervention of politics,TV = gossipingnewspaper = politically oriented

Public broadcasting

pluralisation of ideologies

politics

Journalistic professionalism

based on 3 elements•patterns different from culture•existence of ethics•media entrepreneurs from journalistic branch

All in all

Mediterranean media culture follows a model of strong ideological direction, fundamental pluralism, controversial ad polarized public communication – both in political and in conversational formats.


- JOURNALISM CULTURE at NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at NORTH CENTRAL EUROPE -

Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, BeNeLux

democratic corporatistic way of cooperation between media and politics

Influential commercialists, high rate of alphabetisation, high circulation, coexistence of mighty and party newspapers, strong external pluralism, information-oriented approach

Public broadcasting

Differently structured (party political, institution-political, no party political influence, independent)

with strong position in public life (Austria)

strict regulation of commercial broadcasting

Journalistic professionalism

free accessibility, umbrella organisations


- JOURNALISM CULTURE at WESTERN EUROPE -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at WESTERN EUROPE -

UK and Ireland (Anglo-American Model)

early developed market economy and consolidation of liberal capitalism

dominant commercial press, monetary power as background

considerably idealUS System

Press freedom above all principles, freedom as question of economical resources, commercial before journalistic interests

UK System

often party politically directed: Westminster System, independent broadcasting (BBC), no market regulation

For all of them

strong journalistic culture in form of self control within the media companies,

important independence of journalists within the news media

focus on journalistic education (early start in US) changes remarkable because of internationalisation and globalization


- JOURNALISM CULTURE at Eastern Europe -- JOURNALISM CULTURE at Eastern Europe -

Baltic, Eastern Europe and South-Eastern Europe

long history of changeful belongingness to different cultures and administration systems

no national independences

40 years of societal and political system of communism

1990

breakdown of political system ->

• breaking apart of multinational political community• emerging of mutual hostility/national hate

Now

transition status with ambivalent feeling towards the European Union

media landscape

paralysed situation in structures and culture!

low media literacy level, mistrust against media and public/political institutions, isolated national media islands with hate speech, weak journalism culture due to few complete educated journalists causing a high tabloidization and flat but aggressive investigative journalism

media law work in progress, high foreign commercial participation


- STILL TO BE DONE-- STILL TO BE DONE-

Economical Balance Between the RegionsRe-assessment of History and National Histories Transnational Concepts of European IdentityMedia Literacy DevelopmentDevelopment of Standards of DemocratizationDevelopment of Media Culture

News & Politics

Fudan 12 09 European Journalism Culture