The EU Security Strategy &

Counter Terrorism Strategy

April 7April 7thth, 2010, 2010Università degli Studi di SienaUniversità degli Studi di Siena

Strategia Europea In Materia Di Sicurezza&

Strategia Di Antiterrorismo

Common Foreign & Security Policy Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP)(CFSP)

Organized & agreed foreign policy of the EU Organized & agreed foreign policy of the EU for security & defense diplomacy actions.for security & defense diplomacy actions.

Decisions require unanimity among member Decisions require unanimity among member states in the states in the EU’s CouncilEU’s Council Once agreed, certain aspects can be further Once agreed, certain aspects can be further

decided by qualified majority votingdecided by qualified majority voting

Policy is chaired and represented by the EU's Policy is chaired and represented by the EU's High RepresentativeHigh Representative

CFSP was previously a distinct pillar of the EU since the Treaty of Maastricht of 1992

PILLARS ABOLISHED

Treaty of Lisbon 2009

European Security & Defense Policy (ESDP)European Security & Defense Policy (ESDP)

Aims to strengthen the EU's external ability to act through the development of civilian and military capabilities in conflict prevention and crisis management.

To influence policies violating international law or human rights, or policies disrespectful of the rule of law or democratic principles, the EU has designed sanctions of a diplomatic or economic nature.

The EU is also a leading international actor in the fight against illicit accumulation and trafficking of small arms and light weapons.

Global Challenges and Key ThreatsGlobal Challenges and Key Threats

Building Stability in Europe and BeyondBuilding Stability in Europe and Beyond

Europe’s Role in the WorldEurope’s Role in the World

European Security Strategy (ESS)European Security Strategy (ESS)ESS Implementation Goal:

“For our full potential to be realized we need to be still more capable, more coherent and more active.”

‘più capace, più coerente & più attivo’

• European Council adopted ESS in December 2003• 20 Missions deployed• EU Countries must abide/comply by UN Charter • Independence, territorial integrity of states & peaceful settlement of disputes are NOT negotiable

I. Global Challenges and Key ThreatsI. Global Challenges and Key Threats Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionProliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism and Organized CrimeTerrorism and Organized Crime Cyber SecurityCyber Security Energy SecurityEnergy Security Climate ChangeClimate Change

Post ESS 2003 - In 2008 threats persist…Post ESS 2003 - In 2008 threats persist…

Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionProliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

EU very active – WMD Strategy 2003EU very active – WMD Strategy 2003 Emphasizes prevention via multilateral agreementsEmphasizes prevention via multilateral agreements EU acts as key donor & works with 3EU acts as key donor & works with 3rdrd world countries/regional world countries/regional

organizations to enhance their capabilities to prevent organizations to enhance their capabilities to prevent proliferationproliferation

At forefront of international efforts to address Iran’s nuclear At forefront of international efforts to address Iran’s nuclear programprogram

Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons May 2010Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons May 2010 Pursue Disarmament, responsible & peaceful uses of nuclear Pursue Disarmament, responsible & peaceful uses of nuclear

energy & strengthen non-proliferation regimeenergy & strengthen non-proliferation regime

More work is needed on nuclear fuel cycleMore work is needed on nuclear fuel cycle Bio-safety & bio-securityBio-safety & bio-security

‘‘Greatest threat/Greatest threat/minacciaminaccia to EU security’ to EU security’

Terrorism and Organized CrimeTerrorism and Organized Crime‘Remains a major threat’

Madrid 2004

London 2005

2004 Hague Program2004 Hague Program

2005 Strategy of the External Dimension of Justice & Home 2005 Strategy of the External Dimension of Justice & Home affairsaffairs

2005 EU Counter Terrorism Strategy2005 EU Counter Terrorism Strategy Appointment of Counter Terrorism Coordinator at European Appointment of Counter Terrorism Coordinator at European

LevelLevel

Inter-cultural dialogue to counter radicalization & recruitmentInter-cultural dialogue to counter radicalization & recruitment

Deepen partnerships in EU & within UN to address organized Deepen partnerships in EU & within UN to address organized crimecrime Control money, movement of people, encourage Control money, movement of people, encourage

information sharinginformation sharing Police and judicial cooperationPolice and judicial cooperation

Progress has been slow and incomplete, need to improve:Progress has been slow and incomplete, need to improve: CoordinationCoordination TransparencyTransparency Flexibility Flexibility

Cyber SecurityCyber Security

‘‘New dimension as military weapon’New dimension as military weapon’

EU Strategy for a Secure Information EU Strategy for a Secure Information Society (2006)Society (2006) Addresses internet-based crimeAddresses internet-based crime

NEW! Attacks against private & Attacks against private & government IT systems in EU Member government IT systems in EU Member StatesStates

More awareness & cooperation More awareness & cooperation necessarynecessary

Energy SecurityEnergy Security

Declining EU production means that by 2030 up to Declining EU production means that by 2030 up to 75%75% of oil & gas will have to be imported of oil & gas will have to be imported

Problem: oil & gas from unstable countriesProblem: oil & gas from unstable countries EU Solution: EU energy policyEU Solution: EU energy policy Unified energy marketUnified energy market Diversification of fuels, sources of supply & investmentDiversification of fuels, sources of supply & investment

EU PartnershipsEU Partnerships Central Asia, Caucasus & AfricaCentral Asia, Caucasus & Africa Eastern Partnership & Union for the Mediterranean EnergyEastern Partnership & Union for the Mediterranean Energy EU – Russia Relations (EX: Russia/Ukraine Dec 08/Jan09)EU – Russia Relations (EX: Russia/Ukraine Dec 08/Jan09) Renewable energy with China, India, Japan & USRenewable energy with China, India, Japan & US

‘‘Concerns about Concerns about energy dependenceenergy dependence’’

Climate ChangeClimate Change‘‘Threat Multiplier’Threat Multiplier’

Climate Change & Natural DisastersClimate Change & Natural Disasters Why “threat multiplier”?Why “threat multiplier”? Exacerbate conflict, especially in situations of Exacerbate conflict, especially in situations of

poverty and population growth, with poverty and population growth, with humanitarian, health, political and security humanitarian, health, political and security consequences, including greater consequences, including greater migrationmigration..

EU can not act aloneEU can not act alone Work with others to strengthen at risk nationsWork with others to strengthen at risk nations International Cooperation with the UN & International Cooperation with the UN &

regional organizationsregional organizations

“The ESS acknowledges that Europe has security interests beyond its immediate neighborhood.”

II. Building Stability in Europe and BeyondII. Building Stability in Europe and Beyond

Largest civilian ESDP mission to date.Duty: Continue providing substantial economic support Cooperation & good neighborly relations are indispensable

European Neighborhood Policy (ENP)"Our Neighborhood Policy provides us with a coherent approach that ensures that the whole of the EU is committed to deeper relations with all our neighbors. At the same time, it allows us to develop tailor-made relations with each country."Štefan Füle, Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighborhood Policy

Building Stability in Europe and Beyond (Continued)

Annapolis Process

EU & the Middle EastEU & the Middle East

Nuclear Iran = Threat to EU

Dual-track approach,Combining dialogue andIncreasing pressure

With USA, China & Russia

High Representative has delivered an offer to Iranto rebuild confidence and engagement with the international community.

IF Iran’s nuclear programadvances EU will supportthe UN process & will workwith regional actors.

EU has security interests beyond its immediate neighborhood (Ex: Afghanistan)EU member states contribute to NATO mission and are engaged in governanceAnd development at all levels.Namely: The EU Police Mission

EX: Siena Paracaduti

Security and Development NexusSecurity and Development Nexus PiracyPiracy Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW), Cluster Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW), Cluster

Munitions and LandminesMunitions and Landmines

Security and Development NexusSecurity and Development NexusESS & the 2005 Consensus on Development agreed that there ESS & the 2005 Consensus on Development agreed that there can not be sustainable development without peace & security can not be sustainable development without peace & security and without development and poverty eradication there will be and without development and poverty eradication there will be no sustainable peace.no sustainable peace.

What undermines development• Poor health – Pandemics• Lack of Human rights• Sexual violence as weapon of intimidation & terror

• Rapes, gang rapes and genital mutilation • ESS says implementation of UNSCR 1820 ‘Women Peace & Security’ is essential

Conflict is linked to state fragility• Somalia caught in a vicious cycle of weak governance & recurring conflict• EU assistance: development assistance & measures to ensure better security

• EU supports the Kimberly Process & Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative• Combats the exploitation of natural resources which is often an underlying cause of conflict

PiracyPiracy‘‘New Dimension of New Dimension of Organized Crime’Organized Crime’

Strait of Mallaca

World economy relies on sea routs for World economy relies on sea routs for 90% of of tradetradeEU’s 1st Maritime ESDP Mission !!!EU’s 1st Maritime ESDP Mission !!!

Operation ATALANTAOperation ATALANTA Provides close escort protection by EU Naval Force Provides close escort protection by EU Naval Force

warships to World Food Program shipments of food warships to World Food Program shipments of food from Mombasa into Somaliafrom Mombasa into Somalia

To deter and disrupt piracy To deter and disrupt piracy To protect vulnerable shipping To protect vulnerable shipping *10 December 2009 marked the first anniversary of EU *10 December 2009 marked the first anniversary of EU

NAVFOR Somalia – Operation ATALANTANAVFOR Somalia – Operation ATALANTA

Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW), Cluster Munitions Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW), Cluster Munitions and Landminesand Landmines

Council adopted the EU Strategy to combat illicit accumulation Council adopted the EU Strategy to combat illicit accumulation & trafficking of SALW & their ammunition.& trafficking of SALW & their ammunition. Implementation – EU supports UN Program of actionImplementation – EU supports UN Program of action EU major anti-mine donorEU major anti-mine donorConvention on Cluster Munitions 2008 important stepConvention on Cluster Munitions 2008 important step EU supports an adoption of a munitions protocol within UN EU supports an adoption of a munitions protocol within UN frameworkframework

A more effective and capable EuropeA more effective and capable Europe Greater Engagement with our neighborhood (ENP)Greater Engagement with our neighborhood (ENP) Partnerships for Effective MultilateralismPartnerships for Effective Multilateralism

“To respond to the changing security environment we need to be more effective – among ourselves, within our

neighborhood and around the world.”

“Maintaining public support for our global engagement is fundamental.”

III. Europe’s Role in the WorldIII. Europe’s Role in the World

EU Counter-Terrorism StrategyEU Counter-Terrorism Strategy

PREVENT PROTECT PURSUE RESPONDIMPEDIRE PROTEGGERE INSEGUIRE RISPONDERE

EU’s Strategic Commitment: “To combat terrorism globally while respecting

human rights and make Europe safer, allowing its citizens to live in an area of freedom, security

and justice”