Chapter 35Chapter 35Rebirth and Rebirth and RevolutionRevolution

Nation-Building in East Asia Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rimand the Pacific Rim

(1945 – present)(1945 – present)

Chinese Civil War EndsChinese Civil War Ends Mao’s China and Beyond -- Mao’s China and Beyond -- By 1949 – Mao Zedong has millions of By 1949 – Mao Zedong has millions of

peasants in N. Chinapeasants in N. China Mao’s forces head South, chasing the Mao’s forces head South, chasing the

Guomindang Guomindang Guomindang (Nationalists) flees to the island Guomindang (Nationalists) flees to the island

of Taiwan and establishes the Republic of of Taiwan and establishes the Republic of ChinaChina

Communists and Mao take over mainland Communists and Mao take over mainland China and call it the People’s Republic of ChinaChina and call it the People’s Republic of China

Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution Chiang Kai-Shek (Nationalist) v. Mao Chiang Kai-Shek (Nationalist) v. Mao

Zedong (Comm.)Zedong (Comm.) China unites to fight Japan (1930s – China unites to fight Japan (1930s –

1945)1945) During WW II, United States pumped During WW II, United States pumped

$ into Guomindang party$ into Guomindang party WW II ends, Chinese Civil War for WW II ends, Chinese Civil War for

four yearfour year

Which one is the “Real” Which one is the “Real” China?China?

Both claim they are the Both claim they are the true Chinatrue China

Taiwan develops Taiwan develops industrially, becomes industrially, becomes an economic an economic powerhousepowerhouse

Taiwan’s credibility Taiwan’s credibility takes a blow when the takes a blow when the United Nations and the United Nations and the United States recognize United States recognize the People’s Republic of the People’s Republic of China as China in 1973China as China in 1973

Taiwan refuses to unify Taiwan refuses to unify with China todaywith China today

Mao’s ReformsMao’s Reforms Collectivization of agriculture Collectivization of agriculture

and industryand industry– Increases productivity, especially Increases productivity, especially

steelsteel Late 1950’s – Great Leap Late 1950’s – Great Leap

ForwardForward– Huge communes created as a Huge communes created as a

way of accelerating the creation way of accelerating the creation of a true Marxist stateof a true Marxist state Reality check – production quotas are Reality check – production quotas are

VERY highVERY high Local governments can’t produce the Local governments can’t produce the

ridiculous quotas, so out of fear of ridiculous quotas, so out of fear of being punished, they lie and say the being punished, they lie and say the quotas are being metquotas are being met

– ~30 million Chinese people starve to ~30 million Chinese people starve to deathdeath

– Truly a Great Leap Backward.Truly a Great Leap Backward.

Great Leap BackwardGreat Leap Backward Mao’s previous success is erasedMao’s previous success is erased Soviet Union withdrew supportSoviet Union withdrew support

– Soviets realize China isn’t following Soviets realize China isn’t following orders…orders…

Mao turns focus to military (If Soviet’s Mao turns focus to military (If Soviet’s aren’t with China, they’re against aren’t with China, they’re against China)China)– Elements of capitalism introducedElements of capitalism introduced– 1964 – China tests its first atom bomb1964 – China tests its first atom bomb

Cultural Revolution - 1966Cultural Revolution - 1966 Mao – purist, upset his country is straying Mao – purist, upset his country is straying

from communismfrom communism Revolution discourages development of a Revolution discourages development of a

privileged classprivileged class– Erases all traces of Western-influenced knowledgeErases all traces of Western-influenced knowledge– Closes universities for four yearsCloses universities for four years– Sends students, professors, doctors, lawyers, and Sends students, professors, doctors, lawyers, and

classical musicians to collective farms for classical musicians to collective farms for “cultural retraining”“cultural retraining”

– Political dissidents imprisoned or killedPolitical dissidents imprisoned or killed

New CurriculumNew Curriculum Once reopened, curriculum is adjusted to Once reopened, curriculum is adjusted to

include only communist studies and include only communist studies and vocational trainingvocational training

Little Red Book – Mao’s teachings on Little Red Book – Mao’s teachings on communism – becomes popular symbol for communism – becomes popular symbol for forced egalitarianismforced egalitarianism

Cultural Revolution prevents China from Cultural Revolution prevents China from advancing economically or sociallyadvancing economically or socially– By early 1970s, China opens back up to By early 1970s, China opens back up to

Western ideasWestern ideas

1976 – Deng Xiaoping1976 – Deng Xiaoping Mao dies, Deng Xiaoping steps upMao dies, Deng Xiaoping steps up Changes education policyChanges education policy Changes Economic policies – Changes Economic policies –

– From strict command economy to including From strict command economy to including elements of free-market capitalismelements of free-market capitalism

– Allows limited business and property ownership Allows limited business and property ownership to encourage hard workto encourage hard work

– Chinese gvt enters joint ventures with foreign Chinese gvt enters joint ventures with foreign companiescompanies

– Still strictly communist in political senseStill strictly communist in political sense

Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square MassacreMassacre

June 1989 – about 1 million June 1989 – about 1 million demonstrators met on Tiananmen demonstrators met on Tiananmen Square calling for democratic reform, Square calling for democratic reform, bring in a statue – the Goddess of bring in a statue – the Goddess of Democracy and FreedomDemocracy and Freedom

Chinese government reacts violently Chinese government reacts violently – sends troops into open fire, – sends troops into open fire, hundreds of people are killedhundreds of people are killed

The bodies of dead civilians lie among mangled bicycles near Beijing's Tiananmen Square The bodies of dead civilians lie among mangled bicycles near Beijing's Tiananmen Square early June 4, 1989. Tanks and soldiers stormed the area overnight, bringing a violent end early June 4, 1989. Tanks and soldiers stormed the area overnight, bringing a violent end

to student demonstrations for democratic reform in Chinato student demonstrations for democratic reform in China

A rickshaw driver fiecely peddles the wounded people, with the help of A rickshaw driver fiecely peddles the wounded people, with the help of bystanders, to a nearby hospital Sunday, June 4, 1989. PLA soldiers again fired bystanders, to a nearby hospital Sunday, June 4, 1989. PLA soldiers again fired

hundreds of rounds towards angry crowds gathered outside Tiananmen hundreds of rounds towards angry crowds gathered outside Tiananmen

Square at noonSquare at noon

"Google Agrees to Censor Results in China," "Google Agrees to Censor Results in China," Associated Press, January 24, 2006. Associated Press, January 24, 2006.

Online search engine leader Google Inc. has Online search engine leader Google Inc. has agreed to censor its results in China, agreed to censor its results in China, adhering to the country's free-speech adhering to the country's free-speech restrictions in return for better access in the restrictions in return for better access in the Internet's fastest growing market. Although Internet's fastest growing market. Although China has loosened some of its controls in China has loosened some of its controls in recent years, some topics, such as Taiwan's recent years, some topics, such as Taiwan's independence and 1989's Tiananmen Square independence and 1989's Tiananmen Square massacre, remain forbidden subjects. massacre, remain forbidden subjects.

Challenges TodayChallenges Today PopulationPopulation Economic and Political IssuesEconomic and Political Issues

– Deng Xiaoping died 1997Deng Xiaoping died 1997– Jiang Zemin new leaderJiang Zemin new leader

Human Rights IssuesHuman Rights Issues– Communist party can stil jail criticsCommunist party can stil jail critics– Tibet – accused of imperialistic tyrannyTibet – accused of imperialistic tyranny

Falun Gong sect, Chinese Buddhism sect Falun Gong sect, Chinese Buddhism sect discriminated againstdiscriminated against

Dalai LamaDalai Lama

In 1991 the Dalai Lama alleged that Chinese settlers in Tibet were creating "Chinese Apartheid":

The new Chinese settlers have created an alternate society: a Chinese apartheid which, denying Tibetans equal social and economic status in our own land, threatens to finally overwhelm and absorb us.[88][89]

The Central Tibetan Administration states that the number that have died in the Great Leap Forward, of violence, or other indirect causes since 1950 is approximately 1.2 million,[90] According to Patrick French, a supporter of the Tibetan cause who was able to view the data and calculations, the estimate is not reliable because the Tibetans were not able to process the data well enough to produce a credible total

The government of Tibet in Exile also The government of Tibet in Exile also says that, fundamentally, the issue is says that, fundamentally, the issue is that of the right to self-determination that of the right to self-determination of the Tibetan people. The Dalai of the Tibetan people. The Dalai Lama has stated his willingness to Lama has stated his willingness to negotiate with China for genuine negotiate with China for genuine autonomy. autonomy.

Four TigersFour Tigers Or, according to your book – Four Or, according to your book – Four

DragonsDragons Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and

S. KoreaS. Korea

Hong KongHong Kong Fell under British rule after Opium WarsFell under British rule after Opium Wars 1949, received many refugees from the 1949, received many refugees from the

Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution Functioned under British control until 1997Functioned under British control until 1997

– HK prospers from tradeHK prospers from trade Especially textiles and electronicsEspecially textiles and electronics

Britain turns Hong Kong over to ChinaBritain turns Hong Kong over to China– -Beijing agrees not to change HK’s social or -Beijing agrees not to change HK’s social or

economic system for 50 yearseconomic system for 50 years– HK’s people have self-governmentHK’s people have self-government

SingaporeSingapore Only 200 sq miles and 2 million pop.Only 200 sq miles and 2 million pop. Singapore wins independence from Britain in 1959 and Singapore wins independence from Britain in 1959 and

from Malaya in 1963from Malaya in 1963 Lee Kwan Yew – autocratic PM for 30 yrsLee Kwan Yew – autocratic PM for 30 yrs

– Supports free-market economySupports free-market economy– Keeps labor costs low (and attracted foreign capital)Keeps labor costs low (and attracted foreign capital)– Expands Singapore’s harbor, economy boomsExpands Singapore’s harbor, economy booms

Government welcomed skilled immigrants, education for all Government welcomed skilled immigrants, education for all people in Chinese and Englishpeople in Chinese and English– Encouraged high tech industries, manufacturing, and tourismEncouraged high tech industries, manufacturing, and tourism– Economy flourishes, government sets up successful public Economy flourishes, government sets up successful public

housing program and most married couples became housing program and most married couples became homeowners with the help of government loanshomeowners with the help of government loans

Lee and his successors are criticized, claim order is more Lee and his successors are criticized, claim order is more important than individual freedomimportant than individual freedom

Koreas Koreas At end of WWII US and Soviets divide Korea into N At end of WWII US and Soviets divide Korea into N

and S with the 38and S with the 38thth parallel parallel North Korea becomes ruled by Kim Il Sung and sees North Korea becomes ruled by Kim Il Sung and sees

Soviets as communist allySoviets as communist ally Sout Korea – led by Syngman Rhee – has US supportSout Korea – led by Syngman Rhee – has US support Kim Il Sung wants to reunite Korea, US and UN get Kim Il Sung wants to reunite Korea, US and UN get

readyready UN forces led by General McArthur nearly reach UN forces led by General McArthur nearly reach

Chinese-Korean borderChinese-Korean border China joins and sponsors N. KoreaChina joins and sponsors N. Korea Korean War 1950-1953Korean War 1950-1953 Armistice signed 1953 – StalemateArmistice signed 1953 – Stalemate US has strong military presence in S. KoreaUS has strong military presence in S. Korea