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Development Journalism
It’s time to map, measure and model …
Mapping Development Journalism: Key Areas
LocationMedia Content ApproachResearchFaults
Mapping Development Journalism:Location
Where is it practiced?
Mapping Development Journalism:Location
Asia:India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, China …
Mapping Development Journalism:Location
Africa:Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroun, Zaire, Kenya
…
Mapping Development Journalism:Location
Latin America:Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cube, Mexico,
Peru …
Mapping Development Journalism:Media
Is it practiced in community news media only?
Mapping Development Journalism:Media
Mainstream news mediaAlternative news mediaOther media outlets
Mapping Development Journalism:Content
Is it practiced in agriculture only?
Mapping Development Journalism:Content
Science journalismHealth journalismBiotech journalismEnvironmental journalism
Mapping Development Journalism:Approach
How is it practiced?
Mapping Development Journalism:Approach
Mapping Development Journalism: Pro-Process
Should support and contribute to
the process of development, the name of the game
in development journalism (Chalkley, 1980)
Mapping Development Journalism: Pro-Participation
More emphasis on participation of
the ordinary people
Mapping Development Journalism: Pro-Participation
Power should be given to the ordinary people
to allow them to participate
in collective decisions at all levels
(Servaes, 1999)
Mapping Development Journalism: Pro-Government
Dominant: geographical spread political and professional impact
Mapping Development Journalism: Pro-Government
Emphasis: constructive cooperation
between the press and the government
Mapping Development Journalism: Pro-Government
Emphasis: education role of the press
in nation building and economic construction
Mapping Development Journalism: Pro-Government
Emphasis: responsible exercise of press freedom
Mapping Development Journalism:Research
How much research has been done?
Mapping Development Journalism: Research
Name of Journal 1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
Total
JOC (1951) 1 1
Gazette (1955) 2 3 2 1 8
JODC (1990) 3 2 5
AJC (1990) 1 1
Media Asia (1974) 2 5 1 8
APME (1996) 1 1
CT (1991) 1 1
JQ (1928) 1 3 4
WC (1971-2001) 1 1
AMR (1986) 2 2
AJR (1978) 2 2
Total1 5 11 13 4 34
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
What has gone wrong?
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Lack of understanding of what development journalism is all
about
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Coverage of development news
too much politicized
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Lack of interest in development news
among journalistsdue to deadline and business
pressure
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Lack of interest in development news
among readersdue to entertainment-oriented
content consumption
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Too conventionallack of creativity
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Overemphasis on economic development
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Limited coverage of social, cultural and political development
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Insufficient studies on development journalism
in different media
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Lack of studies on effectiveness of development journalism
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Limited research on different development journalism
principles and practices
Mapping Development Journalism:Faults
Few studies on the gap
between normative development journalism
and empirical development journalism
Mapping Development Journalism: A Brief Sumaary
LocationMedia Content ApproachResearchFaults
Measuring Development Journalism:Key Areas
Designing indicatorsConducting surveys Conducting comparative content analysisLocating differencesMeasuring normative-empirical gap
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
What should be done?
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Designing a set of development journalism indicators
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Measuring the extent to which development journalism is practiced
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Locating differences in development journalism principles
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Locating differences in development journalism practices
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Measuring the gap between the normative development journalism and empirical development journalism
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Survey reporters, editors and publishers
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Survey media educators and students
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Survey different segments of the public
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Survey policy-makers, NGOs and government officials
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Comparative studies of media policies
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Content analysis of newspaper news stories
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Content analysis of radio news stories
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Content analysis of television news stories
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Content analysis of online news stories
Measuring Development Journalism:Missions
Content analysis of mobile news stories
Measuring Development Journalism: Indicators
Indicator: News Topics
Development Journalism Non-Development Journalism
1. Economic development 1. Government affairs
2. Agricultural development 2. Power politics
3. Political development 3. Business
4. Education and literacy 4. Military affairs
5. Employment and labor welfare 5. Consumerism
6. Family planning 6. Investment
7. Health, hygiene and medicine 7. Finance
8. Housing 8. Lifestyle
9. Industrial, sci-tech development 9. Trade
Indicator: News Topics
Development Journalism Non-Development Journalism
10. National integration 10. Religions
11. Rural development 11. Foreign relations
12. Urban development 12. Sports
13. Social change 13. Legal affairs
14.Telecom and transport development 14. Crimes
15. Cultural development 15. War and conflict
16. Environmental protection 16. Celebrity affairs
17. Check between plan and achievement 17. Travel & living
Indicator: News Sources
Development Journalism Non-Development Journalism
1. Grass-root institutions 1. Elite institutions
2. Ordinary people 2. Elite people
3. Other bottom-up sources 3. Other top-down sources
Indicator: News Actors
Development Journalism Non-Development Journalism
1. The poor 1. Government officials
2. Women 2. Public figures
3. Farmers 3. Celebrities
4. Children 4. Professionals
5. Elderly 5. Businessmen
6. Other ordinary people 6. Other elite people
Indicator: News Orientations
Development Journalism Non-Development Journalism
1. Emphasis on solution 1. Emphasis on problem exposure
2. Emphasis on process 2. Emphasis on events
3. Participation of the ordinary people 3. Participation of the elite
4. Empowerment of the ordinary 4. Empowerment of the elite
5. Emphasis on stability 5. Emphasis on conflict
6. Emphasis on harmony 6. More interested in chaos
7. Emphasis on collectivism 7. Emphasis on individualism
8. Emphasis on consensus 8. Emphasis on differences
9. Emphasis on partnership 9. Emphasis on adversary
10. Impact on the ordinary people 10. Impact on the elite people
Indicator: News Presentations
Development Journalism Non-Development Journalism
1. Informative 1. Entertaining
2. Mindful of consequences 2. Not mindful of consequences
3. Ordinary people friendly 3. Elite people friendly
Measuring Development Journalism: Normative-Empirical Gap
Measuring Development Journalism:A Brief Summary
Designing indicatorsConducting surveys Conducting comparative content analysisLocating differencesMeasuring normative-empirical gap
Modeling Development Journalism:Describe, Explain, Predict
How to describe, explain and predict differences in development journalism?
Development Journalism:An Orientation Model
Development Journalism: An Operation Model
Development Journalism: A Difference Model
Modeling Development Journalism:A Brief Summary
An Orientation ModelAn Operation ModelA Difference Model
Development Journalism:Wrapping Up
MappingMeasuringModeling
Thank you!