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S
America and the 1920’s
U.S. History II HonorsBy Ms. White
Chapter 20 Politics of the 1920’s
Chapter Objective: To trace the political and social changes after World War I and throughout the decade of the 1920’s.
1920’s Unit Principles
Objective Identify key themes or concepts that characterize 1920s
America.
Essential Question What should historians call the 1920s?
America in Context: 1920s Births
Che Guevara
President George H. W. Bush
Margaret Thatcher
Fidel Castro
Ray Bradbury
Pope John Paul II
Maya Angelou
Martin Luther King Jr.
Malcolm X
Elie Wiesel
Jacqueline Kennedy
Anne Frank
Helen Thomas
Kurt Vonnegut
President Jimmy Carter
Senator Robert Kennedy
Stanley Kubrick
Marlon Brando
Marilyn Monroe
Audrey Hepburn
Queen Elizabeth II
People of the 1920s
We will be using influential people in the 1920s to help us study important concepts
We will learn about the 1920’s by exploring the lives of the following: Sacco & Vanzetti Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover Henry Ford Al Capone John T. Scopes F. Scott Fitzgerald Zelda Fitzgerald Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh
Warm Up:
What would you call the age in which we currently live?
Recall some of the topics we’ve studied this year. What are some examples?
Industrialization Immigration Urbanization Progressivism Imperialism World War
What should historians call the 1920’s?
Create a name for the 1920’s
America in Context
Many other events were going on around the world.
Remember History does not happen in a vacuum!
Each group will read a timeline of events for their assigned country. Identify 2-3 key events How might these events influence America? How might America have influenced these events? Be prepared to share with the class
America in Context: Asia
America in Context: Asia
In India, Mohandes Gandhi begins his resistance movement against British rule
In China, the Chinese Civil War between Nationalists and Communists begins in 1924 and does not end until 1950 with a Communist victory
America in Context: Asia
Turkish Revolution against the Allies is fought between 1919 and 1923 resulting in Turkish independence
America in Context: Europe
America in Context: Europe
Britain and France begin paying back war debt to the United States
Ireland gains its independence from Britain in 1921
America in Context: Europe
Amid economic troubles in Germany, a young war veteran named Adolf Hitler becomes Chairman of the Nazi Party in 1921. Three years later his party earns 6.5% of the popular vote in elections
In Italy, fascist leader Benito Mussolini comes to power in 1922
America in Context: Europe
In 1922 the Bolshevik faction of the Russian communist party consolidates its power and officially creates the USSR (Soviet Union)
Two years later Vladimir Lenin, the founder of Russian communism dies resulting in a power struggle to replace him with Joseph Stalin eventually emerging on top
America in Context: Africa
America in Context: Africa
Egypt, another major British colony, gains its independence in 1922
America in Context: Latin & South America
America in Context: Latin America
The Mexican Civil War ends in 1920
Pancho Villa is assassinated in Mexico in 1923
Understanding the 20s
F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Age of Excess
In groups of 3 or 4, read through the essay by former Cambridge professor Joshua Zeitz.
Highlight key words or phrases that provide details about what life was like in the 1920’s
Create a wordle using the words or phrases that you feel best captures life in the 1902’s
1920’s Wordle
Exit Ticket
What should historians call the 1920’s? Traditional vs. Modern values Middle Class Growth The age of big personalities The growth of media American anomaly The path to Depression Yolo!
Chapter 20 Section 1“America Struggles with Postwar Issues”
Learning Objective: Understand how fear and prejudice of radicals and foreigners led to persecution & injustice in American life. Be able to give an example of an injustice from the 1920’s.
Main Idea: A desire for normality after the war and a fear of communism and foreigners led to postwar isolationism
Why It Matters Now: Americans continue to debate today political isolationism and immigration policy.
Terms, People, & Events: Nativism, communism, isolationism, anarchism, Sacco & Vanzetti, Quota System, Red Scare, Palmer Raids, KKK
What are European countries like after World War I is over?
Effects of WWI in Europe
Effects of World War I in America
What is America like after WWI?
After slavery was abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 what types of jobs were available for African Americans?
Where are those jobs located?
Effects of WWI on African Americans
Effects of WWI on African Americans?
How did WWI create new job opportunities for African Americans?
Where were those jobs located?
The Great Migration
Movement of African Americans from Southern Farms to Northern Cities.
How did WWI create opportunities for
women?
Effects of WWI on Women
How might WWI veterans feel when they return from the war and are unable to find work?
Who might they direct their anger and frustration towards?
Effects of WWI on Veterans
Effects of WWI on Immigrants
Why did Americans turn against immigrants after World War I?
Effects of WWI in America
Accelerated America’s emergence as the world’s greatest industrial power
Contributed to the movement of African Americans from southern farms to northern cities called the Great Migration
Intensified anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments among mainstream Americans
Brought over 1 million women into the work force
Hastened (Sped up) the passage of the 19th amendment women’s right to vote
Effects of WWI in America
During WWI workers were not allowed to strike because the government would not let anything interfere with the war effort.
Returning soldiers faced unemployment or replaced women and minorities.
Cost of living doubled.
Farmers and factory workers suffered from decreased production.
After the war union membership increases, as did strikes for higher wages and better working conditions.
Post War Trends
Fear of communism and foreigners leads to postwar isolation.
Nativism
Prejudice against foreign born people.
Isolationism
A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs.
Think-Pair-Share
What is anarchism?
What is communism?
What is socialism?
Why is there opposition to these in the United States?
Anarchism
What is the root of the word “anarchism”?
What does anarchy mean?
Anarchists (people who support anarchism)
Don’t believe in any government
Government should be
overthrown with violence
What is Communism?
An economic and political theory based on single party rule by a dictatorship.
Created by Karl Marx From each according to his ability, to each according
to his need.” –Karl Marx The public ownership of property to create a
completely equal society
All the people/workers will own all of the ways of making money (the land, the machines, the stores, etc.)
Communism
End to private businesses
No way for one person to become very rich
Political systems are progressing and communism is seen as the next and final step from capitalism and democracy
Believed in the creation of an international communist society brought about by a revolutionary party
Communism
To equalize wealth and power communist put an end to private property and replaced private ownership of business with government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses.
Perceived as a threat to the American way of life
Why considered a threat to America?
The Declaration of Independence promises “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Communism guarantees economic equality
American democracy advocates for the use of the vote to bring about change
Communism advocates violent revolution
American democracy advocates governance by the people and freedom of the people
Communism is totalitarian and oppressive
Socialism
An economic and political system.
Government owns major:
private businesses (banks)
public services (hospitals &healthcare)
American Fears of Socialism
To equalize wealth and power the government would make wealthy people contribute more money to taxes so that there is not a huge difference between rich and poor.
Perceived as a threat to the American way of life because people believed it was on the way to communism and thus a threat to individual’s right to private wealth
Red Scare
Panic in the U.S. that began in 1919 after Revolutions in Russia overthrew the czarist regime.
Vladimir Lenin and his followers “The Bolsheviks” established a new communist state.
Cried out for a worldwide revolution to abolish capitalism everywhere
Symbolic red flag “Reds”
Communist Party in the U.S.
70,000 joined including some members of the IWW (International Workers of the World)
The Case Against the Reds
Read the abbreviated primary source essay written by U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer & answer the following questions.
What revolution is the author referring to?
What will the revolution destroy?
Who is spreading these ideas?
What effect will this have on America?
What does Palmer plan to do?
What fears of the time are reflected in the document?
Palmer Raids
Several dozen bombs were mailed to government & business owners the public feared that Communists were taking over.
U.S. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer took actions to combat this “Red Scare”
Palmer appointed J Edgar Hoover to hunt down suspected communists, socialists, and anarchists
Mitchell Palmer
J Edgar Hoover
Palmer Raids
Trampled civil rights by invading homes & offices & jailing suspects without allowing them legal counsel
Hundreds of foreigners were deported without trials
Failed to turn up evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy
10,000 people arrested556 people deported
Palmer Raids
Who is the person in the middle?
What does he appear to be doing?
What is happening to the boat? What does it represent?
What’s being thrown from the window?
What are the people holding in their hands? What does it represent
What event in U.S. history does this portray?
Warm Up
Should immigrants be looked at with more suspicion than American citizens by the American government? Why or why not?
April 15, 1920
Braintree MA
A security guard and a paymaster transporting money for the Slater-Morrill Shoe Company are shot & killed by robbers
Robbers sped away but plenty of eye witnesses saw the commotion
Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti
An Italian shoemaker and a fish peddler are arrested and charged with robbery and murder of a factory
paymaster and his guard in South Braintree, Massachusetts
Italian immigrants, socialists, and anarchists
Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
On your packet is a letter.
J means Jury
P means Prosecution
D means Defense
Break down into groups according to your letter and review the evidence chart.
Prosecution select the best arguments for Sacco and Vanzetti’s guilt.
Defense select the best arguments Sacco and Vanzetti’s innocence.
Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
Jury your job is to listen to all of the evidence and determine whether or not the accused suspects are guilty beyond a reasonable doubt (an abiding certainty, not no doubt, but a reasonable amount of doubt, confident you did the right thing)
In groups, discuss your findings and come to a consensus on whether or not Sacco and Vanzetti are guilty of robbery and murder beyond a reasonable doubt.
Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti
Prosecution for Sacco/Vanzetti present evidence to prove Sacco’s guilt
Defense for Sacco/Vanzetti present evidence to prove Sacco’s innocence
Cross examination
Closing arguments
Did Sacco and Vanzetti get a fair trial?
Asserted their innocence and provided alibis
Circumstantial evidence
Prejudicial judge
Jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death
Executed in 1927
What is happening in the photo?Where is the protest taking place?
What are these men doing?
Why are they protesting?
Who might they be?
How can you tell?
What is the headline?
Who published the newspaper?
Based on all of these images, what can you conclude about the trial of Sacco & Vanzetti?
Limiting Immigration
Wave of nativist sentiment “Keep American for Americans” became prevailing attitude
Feared that immigrants would work for lower wages and take away jobs
Fear of immigrants as anarchists, communists, or socialists
Limited immigration from southern & eastern Europe (Catholics & Jews)
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set a limit on the number of immigrants who could enter the U.S. & prohibited Japanese immigration
1. Where are the people trying to get to?
2. What is Uncle Sam doing?
3. What is the caption?
4. According to this cartoon what is the solution to the problem?
Who is this group? Who do they target?
The Klan Rises Again Ku Klux Klan devoted to 100% Americanism
White male
native born
Protestant
Opposed: Blacks Jews Catholics foreigners
Used violence
4-5 million members
Effects of WWI in America
During WWI workers were not allowed to strike because the government would not let anything interfere with the war effort.
Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took jobs away from women and minorities.
Cost of living doubled. Farmers and factory workers suffered
from decreased production. After the war union membership
increases, as did strikes for higher wages and better working conditions.
Warm Up
WWI is over, Americans are struggling to rebuild their broken lives, the voice of angry workers can be silenced no longer. Despite public criticism, many people risk loosing their jobs to strike and join unions. The streets became a battleground for fair pay and better working conditions.
Would you strike and risk your families welfare?
Do city workers have a responsibility not to go on strike?
Should the government intervene in disputes between labor and business?
Labor Unrest
During WWI government would not allow workers to strike because it would interfere with the war effort
1919 saw more then 3,000 strikes that included 4 million workers
Employers didn’t want to give raises or have the employees join unions
Newspapers labeled striking workers as Communist
Boston Police Strike
Boston Police had not been given a raise since beginning of WWI & had been denied the right to unionize
When workers asked for a raise they were fired
Mass governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard to put down the strike
Strike ended and new policemen were hired
People praised Coolidge for saving Boston & the nation from communism & anarchy
In 1920 he became Warren Harding’s vice presidential running mate
Steel Mill Strike
Steel mill workers wanted the right to negotiate for shorter working hours, higher wages, right to form a union
U.S. Steel Corp refused to meet with workers reps
300,000 workers went on strike
Strike breakers- employees who agree to work during a strike
Workers were beaten by federal troops & state militia
The Companies instituted a propaganda campaign to link the strikers with communism
Won an 8 hour work day but did not get the right to form a union
Coal Miners Strike
United Mine Workers of America led by John L. Lewis protested low wages and long workdays
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer obtained a court order sending the miners back to work
Strikes continued in defiance of the court order
President Wilson hired an arbitrator to put an end to the dispute
Coal miners received a 27% wage increase
Chapter 20 Section 2 “The Harding Presidency”
Objective: Understand how political corruption and scandals resulted in distrust of the American government. Be able to provide an example of corruption and scandal and its effect.
Main Idea: The Harding Administration appealed to America’s desire for calm & peace after war, but resulted in scandal.
Why It Matters Now: The government must guard against scandal and corruption to merit public trust.
Terms, People, & Events: Warren G. Harding, Charles Evan Hughes, Fordney-McCumber Tariff, Ohio gang, Teapot Dome Scandal, Albert B. Fall
The Scandalous Presidency
What was President Harding’s administration accused of in the article, “Senate Demands Information on Teapot Dome 1922” ?
Warren G. Harding
He “looked like a president ought to look”
Promised “a return to normalcy” simpler days before the Progressive Era and Great War
Soothing speeches calmed the nation
Favored a limited role for government in business affairs and social reform
Died suddenly from a stroke/heart attack
First presidential election since passage of 19th amendment
Washington Naval Conference
Harding invited the major powers to a conference in Washington to discuss arms reduction
Post WWI problems about arms control, war debts, and the reconstruction of war torn countries
Washington Naval Conference
Russia was left out because it was communist
Secretary of State Charles Evan Hughes recommended that the five major powers stop building warships for 10 years and scrap many of those already existing
For the first time powerful nations agreed to disarm
Kellogg-Briand Pact
1928 fifteen nations signed a pact which renounced war as a national policy
Pact was futile because it had no means of reinforcement
Which 15 countries signed the pact in 1928?
Kellogg-Briand Pact
High Tariffs and Reparations
Britain and France had to pay back the billions they borrowed from the U.S. during World War I
Two ways to pay off war debt:
1. Sell goods to the U.S.
2. Collect reparations from Germany
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Raised taxes on U.S. imports to 60%
Highest level ever
Protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition
Made it impossible for Britain and France to sell enough goods to the U.S. to repay debt
What is a tariff? What does an increase
in tariffs do to the price of goods?
Who benefits from higher tariffs?
What group in society would not support high tariffs?
Germany
Experienced terrible inflation
$10 and $20 bills were worth only nickels and dimes
Defaulted (failed to make payments) to Allies
France invaded Germany
To avoid war U.S. banker Charles G. Dawes was sent to negotiate loans
According to this chart, what did Germany give to the Allies? According to this chart, what did the Allies give to the U.S.? What is the benefit of this system? What is the disadvantage of this system?
Dawes Plan
American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France
Britain and France then paid the U.S.
The U.S. was repaid with its own money
Britain and France disliked U.S. for not paying for its share of the war
U.S. benefited from the defeat of Germany while other countries lost millions of lives
U.S. thought Britain and France were irresponsible financially Charles G. Dawes
Ohio Gang
President Harding’s poker playing cronies whom he elected to his cabinet
Corrupt friends used their offices to become wealthy through graft.
Ohio Gang
Charles R. Forbes, head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies
Colonel Thomas W. Miller, head of the Office of Alien Property, was caught accepting a bribe
Teapot Dome Scandal U.S. government set aside oil-rich
public lands at Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills California for use by the U.S. Navy
U.S. Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, got the land transferred from the navy to his department
Fall secretly leased the land to private oil companies
He received more than $400,000 in loans, bonds, and cash
He was found guilty of bribery and became he first person to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post.
Harding’s Scandalous Presidency
“I have no trouble with my enemies…But my…friends, they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!”
Who might have said this quote?
Why might he have said this?
President Harding died in office in 1923 of a stroke. Many people speculate that the stresses of scandal are what killed him
Chapter 20 Section 3“Business of America”
Learning Objective: Identify the impact of the automobile in America and be able to create a visual of how it led to changes in architecture, landscape, travel, business, labor, etc.
Main Idea: Consumer goods fueled the business boom of the 1920s as America’s standard of living soared.
Why It Matters Now: Business, Technological & social developments of the 1920s launched the era of modern consumerism
Terms & Names: Calvin Coolidge, urban sprawl, installment plan
Discussion Questions
What products do we use to make our lives easier?
What might life without basic electrical appliances such as, refrigerator, washing machine, cell phone, computers be like?
Calvin Coolidge
Republican Party
Pro-business- supports limited government intervention
“the chief business of the American people is business…The man who builds a factory builds a temple-the man who works there worships there.”
Keep taxes down and business profits up
Give business more available credit in order to expand
High tariffs on foreign imports helped U.S. manufacturers
1920’s American Dream
How would your life change if you got a car?
Americans were buying more products and living better lives than ever before.
Many Americans were able to buy cars. Henry Ford introduced the Model A in 1927. The automobile had a profound impact on American lives and the American landscape
http://www.history.com/topics/model-t/videos#car-invented-world-drastically-changed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dubvgA7Je7Y
What were some changes brought on by the automobile?
Ford
1927 the last Model T Ford rolled off the assembly line
1 million New Yorkers mobbed show rooms to view the new Model A.
Automobile became the backbone of American economy in the 1920’s
Difference between the Model T and the Model A was that the T only came in black while the new model came in Niagara Blue and Arabian Sand
Automobile Activity
Read, “The Car That Changed America”
Utilize the graphic organizer to take notes on the impact of the automobile on society
Create a visual to represent how the automobile impacted American travel, landscape, architecture, labor/working conditions, & business. Be sure to include 5 changes in your illustration.
Impact of Automobile
Helped the economy boom
Led to the urban sprawl
Reduced isolation of farm life
Spurred the paving of roads
Gave people more freedom to travel
Impact of Automobile
Building of service stations, garages, motels, fast food restaurants, shopping centers
Changed architectural styles-driveways &
garages
Gave Americans a new status symbol
Airplane Industry
Established new means of transportation for people and goods
Gave people greater freedom to travel
Charles Lindbergh-
first transatlantic flight
Alternating Electrical Current
Made it possible to distribute electric power over greater areas
Led to the electrification of homes and widespread use of electrical appliances
Made housewives work easier (?) freeing them for other activities
Led to more uniform, conformist lifestyles
Helped the economy to boom
Refrigerators, toasters, cooking ranges
http://www.history.com/videos/1920s-inventions#popularity-of-cb-radio
Chapter 20 Section 3“Business of America”
Learning Objective: Understand the impact of the automobile in America and be able to describe how it led to changes in architecture, landscape, travel, business, labor, etc.
Main Idea: Consumer goods fueled the business boom of the 1920s as America’s standard of living soared.
Why It Matters Now: Business, Technological & social developments of the 1920s launched the era of modern consumerism
Terms & Names: Calvin Coolidge, urban sprawl, installment plan
The Dawn of Modern Advertising
Objective: Identify advertising techniques and how they were used to sell new consumer products in the 1920’s. Be able to analyze and create an advertisement for a new 1920s consumer product using these techniques.
Agenda:
Identify ad techniques used in 2014 Super Bowl commercials.
Analyze a 1920’s advertisement.
Create an advertisement for a consumer product from the 1920’s using the techniques we studied.
Super Bowl Advertisements
For each ad identify as many different techniques being used to sell you the product.
Record your responses on your note taking sheet.
Be prepared to share your responses with the rest of the class.
Mr. Murphy & I will model identifying the advertisement techniques used in the first commercial as an example for you
http://msn.foxsports.com/video/shows/super-bowl-commercials-2011
http://msn.foxsports.com/video/shows/super-bowl-commercials-2012?vid=d2063583-f3cf-49d3-8c57-e8252976dbd0
Consumer Goods
Many of the big companies in the US today started in the 1920s
1920s Products
Phonograph
Radio
TV
Car/Ford
Wheaties
Planters Peanuts
Dixie Cups
Listerine
Kellogg’s
Telephone
Coca Cola
Dr. Pepper
Kool Aid
Chewing Gum
Modern Advertising
Hired psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desire for youthfulness, beauty, health, and wealth
Created a greater demand for consumer goods
Increased sales and profits
Turned luxury items into necessities- mouthwash, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, toaster ovens, etc
Helped the economy boom
Advertising Techniques
Happy & attractive people
Popular music, songs or jingles
Sex appeal
Fear
Symbols
Humor
Fitting in
Cute
Testimonials
Free trial offers
Beautiful
Famous people/celebrities
Macho
Femininity
Repetition
The good old days
Culture
Buy one get one free
Flattery
testimonial
1920s Advertisement
With a partner or a small group of 3 complete the print advertisement analysis worksheet for the 1920s advertisement you were given.
Create an advertisement for this product using one or more of the advertising techniques we discussed.
Advertisement Sharing
Share the advertisement you created with the rest of the class.
Identify what advertisement technique you utilized and who is your target audience.
Installment Plan
Helped the economy to boom
Helped to create a false sense of prosperity
Allowed people to buy goods over an extended period of time without having to put up much money at the time of purchase