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The Roots of Modern Science
Renaissance inspired curiosityThis led to the ReformationThe Reformation and the challenge to
authority, helped start the Scientific Revolution.
Science: The Medieval View
Remember the Earth-at-the-center-of-the-Universe theory?
Aristotle, the greatest scientist until the 1500’s, had supported this idea.
After all, it seemed logical. The Sun moves and we don’t.
A New Way of Thinking
Scientific Revolution: Beginning in the mid 1500’s, new scientific ideas would be based upon careful observation. A willingness to question accepted beliefs
Newfound manuscripts launched new ideas European exploration fueled scientific research.
Used stars to guide ships Needed better instruments and geographic measurements.
When they started looking around, they found their observations did not match the ancient beliefs.
Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
Geo=Earth Helio= Sun Centric=Center Nicolaus Copernicus first started the concept. However, his theory could not perfectly explain why the
planets behaved the way they did. Johannes Kepler’s mathematic laws showed the planets
moved in elliptical patterns, not circular, like proposed by Copernicus.
Aristotle vs. Galileo
Aristotle Believed a pendulum
slowed down as it approached its resting place
Believed heavier objects fell faster than smaller ones
Earth was center of universe
Galileo Showed a pendulum
does not slow down. Called the Law of the Pendulum
Showed that all objects fall at the same speed.
With a homemade telescope, monitored the movement of the stars to show the Sun was the center of the universe
Conflict with the Church
Galileo was urged by the church not to pursue his ideas about the universe
He did anyway, in a book called Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Was threatened by the Church and forced to deny is ideas he knew to be true
Sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life. Later, the Church issued an apology to Galileo, saying they
were wrong to suppress his scientific findings.
IN 1992!!!!!
The Scientific Method
Find a problemForm a hypothesis (prediction) about that
problemObserve the problem through
experimentation or data collectionSee if observation proves or disproves the
hypothesisRepeat process many times
Observation vs. Assumption
What we see or believe isn’t always what is going on. “I’d help someone who was in trouble” “Eyewitness accounts are reliable” “I’d never hurt another human just because someone
told me to”
Some Revolutionaries
Francis Bacon English politician and writer Believed science could improve people’s lives Criticized peoples acceptance of Aristotle’s ideas
Rene Descartes Rejected old assumptions and teachings Accept only things learned through observation Knew only one thing for certain: “I think, therefore I
am.” Moved on from there.
Isaac Newton
Brought together the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under one unifying theory.
The Theory of Motion All things are affected by a force, gravity That force ruled the planets, pendulum, and all matter on
Earth and Space Every object attracts every other object. The degree of
attraction depends on the mass of that object and the distance between the objects.
His book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, described the universe as a giant clock. All its parts worked together perfectly in ways that could
be described by mathematics. Believed God was the creator of this orderly universe, the
clockmaker who had set everything in motion
The Revolution Spreads
Zacharias Jannsen: 1st microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Observed bacteria under a microscope Proved tiny organisms did not just spontaneously
appear, as previously thoughtEvangelista Torricelli
1st mercury barometerGabriel Fahrenheit and Anders Celsius
The mercury thermometer, and their respective measurements