Liberalism Triumphant

Europe in 1870 The “Second” Industrial Revolution The Triumph of Liberalism Liberal/Modern in the City Cultural Struggles

1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900

Europe 23.2 28.1 34.2 53.2 61.3 62.0

United Kingdom

1.9 4.3 9.5 19.9 22.9 18.5

Habsburg Empire

2.9 3.2 3.2 4.2 4.4 4.7

France 4.0 4.2 5.2 7.9 7.8 6.8

German States/ Germany

2.9 3.5 3.5 4.9 8.5 13.2

Italian States/ Italy

2.4 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5

Russia 5.0 5.6 5.6 7.0 7.6 8.8

United States

0.1 0.8 2.4 7.2 14.7 23.6

Japan 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.4

Third World

73.0 67.7 60.5 36.6 20.9 11.0

China 32.8 33.3 29.8 19.7 12.5 6.2

India/ Pakistan

24.5 19.7 17.6 8.6 2.8 1.7

World Manufacturing Output 1750-1800(source: Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers)

Workers assembling electric motors at Allgemeine Elektizitäts-Gesellschaft around 1900. Note the gendered nature of the workplace

Source: http://www.historyteacher.net/APUSH-Course/Weblinks/Weblinks16.htm

NYC tenements ~ 1900 A typical East End Slum, late 19th C

John Booth’s “Poverty Map” of London, 1889

France: Third Republic

Prussian Parliament: Reichstag

Austria: Reichsrat

German Reichstag, 1900

Reichsrat, 1900

Britain: 1867 Second Reform Bill

40% of men can now vote Head of households Urban

1884 Third Reform Bill 60% of male suffrage Expands 1867 act to rural areas

Reform of military 1871 France

Education Measurement Infrastructure Conscription

Germany 1871 Jewish Emancipation Universal manhood suffrage

(25 and over)

Austria 1867 Jewish Emancipation From 1867 officially Austria-

Hungary Dual Monarchy Each “kingdom” has its own

parliament

Liberalism in Russia German Influence Tsar Alexander II

1861-1866 Emancipation of the Serfs

Military and Legal Reform

Reform not extended to former Poland

Plans for Duma Assassinated 1880

Liberals remake Vienna in own image

Die Ringstraße Street that circles the city Different styles for different

buildings Rathaus – gothic Reichsrat – neo-classic Universität – Renaissance

Includes new buildings of governance as well as national museums

Paris: Imperial City Center of Fashion and

Art Impressionism Continuation of

Hausmannization Bella Epoque

Kulturkampf – “Cultural Struggle”Forge national identity1871-1878 attempt by Bismarck to unify Germany

on anti-Catholic platformsFails, attempts to work on Socialists

Britain/Ireland France/Germany Jews