Institutional models of co-production in the African city

The Case of

Development Workshop Angola

Second meeting of the African Urban Research Initiative (AURI)

Nairobi, Kenya - 18–19 February 2014

Co-production of urban research for evidence-based advocacy

Development Workshop uses the co-production of urban research to engage with other Angolan non-state actors in ongoing advocacy with public policy makers on:

• land tenure and urban land markets, • the informal economy that employs more than half of the

population, • housing strategies and finance• economic justice issues, • civil society space and post-conflict peace and reconciliation,• urban transformations and Chinese financing,• urban adaptations to environmental & climate change• community-lead basic services

Angola’s Post-War Urban Challenges

• In four decades of war, millions of Angolans fled the countryside for the relative safety of the big cities and their crowded shantytowns.

• With their meager resources, they built dwellings on land obtained by mostly informal mechanisms, often with little security of tenure.

• Massive destruction of social and physical infrastructure.

• Rapid urban growth, largely due to the war continues even after conflict ended.

• Population growth today fuelled by high birth rate and movements from centre to periphery

• 60% are under 18.

Research Methodologies & Partners

Qualitative research & household surveys with semi-structured interviews in peri-urban areas in capital and secondary cities, using some of the following tools:

• Poverty assessment on the bases of access to resources/services and household assets (score-cards)

• Migration histories

• Land access mechanisms & tenure security

• Attitudes in relation to civic & land rights

• Conflict & vulnerability assessment

• Participatory mapping, GIS & remote sensing

• Social media monitoring

Geographic Information Systems

Participatory and spatial mapping

Remote sensing

Post-Conflict Informal Economy

Informal Economy & Livelihoods

Research Framework

Gender & Informal EconomyMarket, Street & Bairro Research

• The most notable feature of the informal market is its female gender composition, 63.9% of working women were employed in the informal sector

• The informal economy in Luanda employs about 52% of the province’s work force.

• Over half of those are women micro-entrepreneurs.

• Research focuses on three forms of informal sector entrepreneurship:

• Home/Bairro Based Enterprises in the (Gendered) Urban Informal Economy

• Urban Marketplace Networks in Transformation • Hawkers (Street Vendors) in Informal Economy

Informal Urban Water Market

• The formal para-statal water company can only deliver piped water to less that 50% of Luanda’s population.

• An informal water market has emerged that has a value of more than $250 million per year (2008).

Informal Water Market A complex multi-actor water

market has emerged in Luanda as a response to the failure of the state and formal sector to meet basic water supply needs.

Actors include:• River water pump owners• Treated water bulk supplieres

(girafas)• Tanker truck bulk suppliers• Private bairro-level cistern owner re-

sellers• Community water enterprise

associations • Ambulant water street sellers

Water Price Mapping• The commercial retail price of water

varies by bairro from $0.15 to $0.60 per 20 litre bucket

• The bulk wholesale price of water when sold by tanker truck varies between $6 to $18 per cubic meter

• Price to the retailer and consumer depends on:• distance from the source• quality (untreated river water or treated

water from the treatment plant) • Current demand / shortage / season

Poverty and Environmental Poverty and Environmental Vulnerability in Angola’s Growing Vulnerability in Angola’s Growing

SlumsSlums

Research Objectives

• Use action research to better understand the relationships between poverty and environmental vulnerability in a first, second and third tier city in Angola, through five specific indicator areas:

1. land tenure and land markets2. environmental burdens3. access to basic services (water and sanitation)4. settlement density, demography and overcrowding5. housing quality and location

Analytical Framework

Research Matrix Level of Urbanisation

Urban Typology >1st Tier

Capital City2nd Tier

Provincial City3rd Tier

Municipal Town

Focus Urban SettlementsVulnerability Indicators (MDGs)

Luanda Huambo Katchiungo

a) Land Tenure

b) Environmental Burdens

c) Water & Service Access

d) Housing Quality

e) Density & Overcrowding

Tanque Serra

Tombo

Rapado

Kikuxi I

Caop

Zango

Tande

Ludi 2

Tanque I

Km 30

Faz Sol

Burgalheira

Cassaca

Dimba

Vitrona

Guengue

Tanque Serra

Ludi 1

Quenguela Norte

Vai e Volta

Sarico

10 de DezembroKikuxi II

Panguila

Areas de Pedreiras

Calivoto

Capalanga

Mulundo

Casa BrancaMussulo

Hoji Ya Henda

Coboy

Camicuto 1

Tanque Serra

Musondo

Tanque II

Nova EsperancaKm 35

Camicuto 2

Caquila

Terra Nova II

Bem Vindo

Zona Industrial

12A

Weji Maca

Santa Paciencia

Km 9A

Mulemvos

Cidade Universitario

Calumbo Sede

Ceramica

Golf I

????

Caop B

Banza Calumbo

Cambamba II

Grafanil

Mulemvos

Km 14 A

Km40A

Chinguar

Cabolombo

12B

Caop A

Paraiso

Km 40 B

Camama Sede

Nova Urbanizacao

Terra Nova I

Caop C

Mateia II

Cassenda

Km 9B

Sapú

Chimbicato

Quissomeira

Vila de Estoril

Tanque Serra

14B(Cambire)

Quingolo

Casulo Sede

Dala Muleba

Muculo

Tala Hadi

KM 32

Mateia I

Nova Vida

Boa Vista

Mayombe

Cazenga Popular

Ngola Kiluanje

INORAD

Luanda Sul

Palmeirinhas

D

Vila Da Mata

Augusto Ngangula

Vidrul

Boa EsperancaCemiterio 2

Rocha Pinto

Quinzenza

Zona A

Cateba

Cepa

Moxico

Salinas

Fazenda Experimental

Terra Branca

Imbondeiro

B

Kinanguvo (macedonia)

Soda

Calemba

Mabor

Viana II

Barra do Bengo

Regedoria

Catambor

CatondoCasulo Estrada

Terra vermelha

Nova Esperanca

Funda Sede (Havemos)

Maianga

Vila Nova

Comandante Bula

Futungo de Belas

Kilunda

Morro Bento II

Tungango

Mbondo Chapeu

C

Nelito Soares

Garcia

Candua

Morro Bento I

Cambamba I

11 De Novembre

LixeiraSao Joao

Rio Seco

Ilha Do Cabo

Vila de Estoril

Rangel

A

Sao Pedro

Mutamba Cahango

Camoes

Sao Pedro Da Barro

Sector 3

Ingombota

Cazenga Municipal

Santo Antonio

Kawelele

Mota

Bairro do Gamek

Vitoria e Certa

Partido

Pescadores

Sector 1

Marcal

Sector2

Cariango

CamuxibaPopular

28 de Agosto

Precol

Compao

Cambamba I

Imbondeiro

Bairro Da Paz

C.T.T

Imbondeiros

Prenda

Malanginho

Combustiveis

Kawelele

Farol Das Lagostas

Marconi

Maria Eugenia Neto

Terra Nova

Alto Kifangondo

Corimba

Bairro Operario

Sector 4

Orlog

Cardoso

Mulemba

Banga We

Chapas

Sagrada Esperanca

Roque Santeiro

E 15

Casa Branca

Agostinho Neto

Ilha Da Madeira

Cacuaco Sede

Zona A

Samba Grande

Boa Esperança

500 casas

????

Chicala II

1 De Maio

Ecocampo

Jemba (4 de Abril)

Sagrada Esperanca

Val SarocaCemiterio

Bairro Militar

Campismo

Chicala I

Porto Pesquerio

Dez Casas

Anangola

BandeiraOssos

Bairro Azul

Petrangol

Adriano Moreira

Bairro Sujo

Saneamento

Anteiro

Sao Paulo

Swapo

Encibi

Cassequel BuracoSarmento RogriguesMartir De Kifangondo

Cassequel do Imbondeiro

Kikolo Sede

Anangola ????

Samba Pequena

Coreia (???)

Miramar

Praia De Bispo

Nguanha

SambizangaBairro Cruzeiro

Madame Berma

Cassequel Lourenco

Bairro da Policia

Forno de Cal

Baixo Quifangondo

Bairro chines

Zangado

Cemiterio Novo

Nelitos Soares

Nova Esperanca

Cambamba I

Futungo de Belas

Morro Bento I

Quenguela Norte

Tanque Serra

Cardoso

VIANA

CACUACO

SAMBA

KILAMBA KIAXI

CAZENGA

MAIANGA

SAMBIZANGA

INGOMBOTA

RANGEL

VIANA SEDE

FUNDA

CALUMBO

BENFICA

KIFANGONDO

RAMIRO

CAMAMA

KIKOLO CACUACO SEDE

GOLFE

FUTUNGO

MUSSULO

ESTORIL

CAZENGA

PALANCA

TALA HADI

CASSEQUEL

ROCHA PINTO

HOJI YA HENDA

NGOLA KILUANJE

PRENDASAMBA

MAIANGA TERRA NOVA

SAMBIZANGA

KINANGARANGEL

NEVES BENDINHA

MARCAL

ILHA DO CABO

290000

290000

300000

300000

310000

310000

320000

320000

330000

330000

340000

340000

89

90

00

0 899

00

00

90

00

00

0 900

00

00

90

10

00

0 901

00

00

90

20

00

0 902

00

00

90

30

00

0 903

00

00

90

40

00

0 904

00

00

SCSP Intervention AreaSLP Intervention AreaLUCPP Intervention Area LURE Intervention AreaBairros BoundariesCommune BoundariesMunicipality Boundaries

LEGENG

1:200000Scale:

Cliente: LUPP

Projecto: LUPP

Desenho: LUPP Intevention Areas

Elaborou

Data:

28/05/04

Ref:

Aprovou

C.P 3360Rua Rei Katyavala 113Luanda-AngolaPhone: 448371/77/66Fax: 449494dwang@angonet.org

C.P 248Huambo-AngolaPhone: 244-41-20338/20081Fax: (244-41)-20338dwhuambo@angonet.org

Participatory Poverty Mapping of MDGs

Findings: Demography and Migration Low expectations of future emigration out of peri-Low expectations of future emigration out of peri-urban areasurban areas

Migration from rural areas ins not the main factor for Migration from rural areas ins not the main factor for urban expansion.urban expansion.

The population of the peripheral bairros of Luanda is The population of the peripheral bairros of Luanda is growing mainly due to natural population increases growing mainly due to natural population increases and city-internal migration.and city-internal migration.

Densification & growth in urban periphery

13°21'30"E

13°21'30"E

13°21'0"E

13°21'0"E

8°4

7'3

0"S

8°4

7'3

0"S

8°4

8'0

"S

8°4

8'0

"S

8°4

8'3

0"S

8°4

8'3

0"S

8°4

9'0

"S

8°4

9'0

"S

BAIRRO PARAISO: ANO DE 2006

Numero de casas: 5.700

Numero de Habitantes: 22.151

13°21'30"E

13°21'30"E

13°21'0"E

13°21'0"E

13°20'30"E

13°20'30"E

8°47

'30"

S

8°47

'30"

S

8°48

'0"S

8°48

'0"S

8°48

'30"

S

8°48

'30"

S

8°49

'0"S

8°49

'0"S

8°49

'30"

S

8°49

'30"

S

BAIRRO PARAISO: ANO DE 2009

Numero de casas: 10.856

Numero de Habitantes: 73.000

2006

34,200 population

2008

65,136 population

2010

106,566 population

38% Annual Growth

28% Annual Growth

Density & Overcrowding

Environmental Burdens

Secure Land Tenure

Indicator of land tenure security is the percentage of families holding title documents

Findings: Access to Land

The majority of peri-urban residents acquired their and houses through informal mechanismsand don't have access to mechanisms to regularize their land.

Rapid development of informal markets for the purchase and renting of land and property

Formal titling is very rare, but levels of perceived tenure security is high (based on informal documents in Luanda and testimonies in Huambo)

Land Values 2010

Findings• The poor occupy much of

the valuable inner-city land that is rapidly increasing in value.

• Most of poor families accumulated savings are tied up in the land they occupy and the house they built or purchase.

• More conflicts about land in peri-urban areas are to be expected in the future unless occupancy rights are secured

• Recognising the poor’s tenure is a strategy for poverty reduction

Luanda poverty & environment matrix

Settlement Typology

INDICATOR 1Ranking

INDICATOR 2Ranking

INDICATOR 3Ranking

INDICATOR 4

Ranking

INDICATOR 5Ranking

MDG URBAN

INDICATOR

Overcrowding(People per km2)

Secure tenure

Durable structures

(Building and roof material)

Access to safe water(Source of

water)

Access to improved sanitation

Overall ranking

Old Urban Centre 1 1 1 1 1 1.0

New Suburbs 1 1 1 1 1 1.0

Bairro Popular 1 1 1 2 2 1.4

Social Housing Zones 1 1 1 2 2 1.4

Owner-built 1 1 1 2 2 1.4

Transitional musseques 2 2 2 3 3 2.4

Organized musseques 2 2 2 3 3 2.4

Old musseques 3 3 2 3 3 2.8

Peripheral musseques 1 3 2 3 3 2.4

Rural Settlements 1 3 3 3 3 2.6

Industrial Zone n/a 1 1 2 2 1.2

Weighted Average 2.0 2.5 1.9 2.8 2.8 2.4

Luanda Poverty Map

Implementation of pilot projects

Participatory Planning• Municipal development plans using consultative mechanisms of

involving civil society and residents committees through forums and local councils in Kilamba Kiaxi, Sambizanga and Cacuaco.

Pilot ProjectsObjective:

•To test models for participatory management of urban land with simple and decentralized methods

Interventions:• Huambo, Benguela,

Cabinda, Lunda Norte• Recognition of rights• Demarcation and

Titling

• Ensure that process of action research and the results of pilot projects influence Government policy and development planning.

• There is a need for DW’s Monitoring and Research Unit to make the vast amount of documentary and other resources that DW has, available to a wider public.

• DW needs to ensure that its work and that of civil-society partners influence and adapt to the changing donor environment and remain sustainable and thus able to continue to play a role within Angolan civil society in the future.

Advocacy Challenges – Moving to Scale

Community Media 2001 - 2014

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL

Media & Public Awareness of Land Issue

DW’s CEDOC monitoring of the media has demonstrated that land issues and rights have been clearly placed in the public domain over the last decade.

Dissemination of Lessons

Publication of Results in book “TERRA”

Fevereiro 2007

Feeding the Public Domain CEDOC monthly Media Scan

CEDOC’s Thematic CDsMedia compilation since 2001

DECREE FOR LAND TENURE LEGALISATION IN PERI-URBAN AREAS

The aim is to bring Angolan land legislation into closer alignment with international good practice and to improve the land tenure rights of citizens living in peri-urban districts who risk losing their assets under the existing law.

Outcomes on Influencing Legislation

• DW is working with Municipal Forums and Community newspapers in the innovative application of social media.

• Municipal Atlases are being developed for each urban municipality under the auspices of the Municipal Forums.

Development of a Social Media Strategy

• Interactive web sites are being created to monitor water accessibility by water associations and committees.

• A real-time GSMA mobile-phone feed is being piloted in Huambo to provide monitoring of water access and quality and make reports to the provincial water company by consumers.

#cazengaH2O

Purpose: Provide an online Facebook platform for sharing information about water access in Cazenga and other basic services and governance issues.

Features: Google API map with locations of standpipes and 100- and 200-meter access areas; blog created by “Ecos do Henda” community newspaper; comments area to respond to and discuss blog articles; twitter feed pulling posts by @DW_AGUA and any tweet using #cazengaH2O hash-tag.

www.urban-africa-china.angonet.org

Obrigado