English Civil War (1642-1649)- Parliament/Puritans defeated King/Anglicans

The ProtectoratePuritan General Oliver Cromwell ruled England in a ‘Republic’ that became a theocratic/military dictatorship 1649-60

Restoration – in 1660 the English nobles ‘restored’ the Monarchy, making Charles II King of England- The King and his brother, the Duke of York, rewarded some of their supporters with colonies in America, we call them Restoration Colonies

North Carolina - formally separated from the South in 1712- independent-minded colonists- democratic and anti-aristocratic (like Rhode Island)

Carolina - founded in 1663 by supporters of Charles II- A Restoration & Proprietary Colony

- South Carolina - initially tried sugar, then settled on rice to feed Caribbean plantations - developed indigo (blue dye) as a cash crop- Rice, an African grain, made the colony profitable- slave population grew, slave codes were brought in as well

Plantation System- The large farms that were established in the south to grow cash crops, like tobacco, sugar cane, and rice, still required a large labor force - Fewer people would become indentured servants, as travel to America became less expensive.- Free immigrants from Europe did not want to work for someone else when there was so much available land - So slaves were increasingly imported from the Caribbean onto southern plantations by the early 1700’s

Slave Codes - Laws, also brought from the Caribbean, which governed the status of slaves - Slaves were considered property rather than persons. - They had no legal right to testify, or make a contract, or own property. - They could not travel without permission nor meet without a white person present. - They could not be taught to read or write and they were not permitted to marry. - Offenders were subject to severe punishment, including whipping, branding, imprisonment, and death.

College of William & Mary-founded in 1693 in Virginia to educate the young, aristocratic men of the southern colonies

Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)- More diverse population than North or South - English, German, Dutch- Religious toleration, cooperation with American Indians- Fur trade, farming, shipping trade

New Netherlands - Henry Hudson explored what became the Hudson River in 1609 - The river runs north-south in present-day New York state- claimed the area for the Dutch - The Dutch established a series of fur trade trading posts along the River and the city of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island- Population grew as they invited more people of many countries into the colony- England saw it as a ‘Dutch Wedge’ between its colonies in New England & its Southern Colonies

New York - Peter Stuyvesant was the last Dutch governor- by 1664 had become unpopular- England’s Duke of York (James) took the New Netherlands without a fight in 1664- A Restoration Colony & Proprietary Colony