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The Modern Middle East, World War I
to Present
Pre-WWI: Ottoman EmpirePre-WWI: Ottoman Empire
“Sick Man of Europe” Sided with Germans/Central Powers in
WWI
“Sick Man of Europe” Sided with Germans/Central Powers in
WWI
Nationalism in the RegionNationalism in the Region
Regions get increasing autonomy as central gov’t stagnates Want complete independence
Religious diversity Muslims, Christians, Jews
Nationalism See: Balkans
Regions get increasing autonomy as central gov’t stagnates Want complete independence
Religious diversity Muslims, Christians, Jews
Nationalism See: Balkans
Strategic Location of Middle East
Strategic Location of Middle East
“Middle East” coined 1850s Location near vital UK holdings
(India, Egypt) Weak Ottoman Gov’t = Easy
Pickings Oil-Rich
“Middle East” coined 1850s Location near vital UK holdings
(India, Egypt) Weak Ottoman Gov’t = Easy
Pickings Oil-Rich
British Wheelings And Dealings
British Wheelings And Dealings
Muslims: Promise
disgruntled regions full independence if they help Allied Powers in WWI (TE Lawrence, “Lawrence of Arabia”
Muslims: Promise
disgruntled regions full independence if they help Allied Powers in WWI (TE Lawrence, “Lawrence of Arabia”
Zionism Zionism
What is Zionism? The belief that Jews should have their own
nation; Jewish nationalism. Zionism gained much support among Jews and others in the early twentieth century, and the hoped-for nation was established in the late 1940s in Palestine, as the state of Israel. Zionism is opposed by most Arabs.
"zionism." The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. 17 Dec. 2007. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zionism>.
What is Zionism? The belief that Jews should have their own
nation; Jewish nationalism. Zionism gained much support among Jews and others in the early twentieth century, and the hoped-for nation was established in the late 1940s in Palestine, as the state of Israel. Zionism is opposed by most Arabs.
"zionism." The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. 17 Dec. 2007. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zionism>.
British Wheelings and DealingsBritish Wheelings and Dealings
Jews- Balfour Declaration:
His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…
Jews- Balfour Declaration:
His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…
Sir Arthur James Balfour,Br. Foreign Sec.
WHY BALFOUR DECLARATION?WHY BALFOUR DECLARATION?
ZIONIST MOVEMENT: JEWS SHOULD HAVE THEIR TRADITIONAL HOMELAND IN THE HOLY LAND
ANTI-SEMITISM: RECENT DREYFUS AFFAIR SHOWS HATRED STILL STRONG
ZIONIST MOVEMENT: JEWS SHOULD HAVE THEIR TRADITIONAL HOMELAND IN THE HOLY LAND
ANTI-SEMITISM: RECENT DREYFUS AFFAIR SHOWS HATRED STILL STRONG
Chaim WeizmannChaim Weizmann
Leader of the Zionist movement in Britain
Convinces politicians in Britain that forming a homeland in Palestine is the answer to everyone’s problems Take land from the crumbling Ottoman
Empire British protectorate Jewish people would have somewhere to go
to escape the anti-Semitic persecution
Leader of the Zionist movement in Britain
Convinces politicians in Britain that forming a homeland in Palestine is the answer to everyone’s problems Take land from the crumbling Ottoman
Empire British protectorate Jewish people would have somewhere to go
to escape the anti-Semitic persecution
BRITISH WHEELINGS AND DEALINGS
BRITISH WHEELINGS AND DEALINGS
FRENCH: SYKES-PICOT TREATY HOW FR. & UK WILL
DIVIDE UP M.E. AFTER WAR WHAT ABOUT
INDEPENDENCE? RUSSIA TO BE
CONSULTED EXCEPT AFTER 1917 -
WILL NOT WORK WITH BOLSHEVIKS
FRENCH: SYKES-PICOT TREATY HOW FR. & UK WILL
DIVIDE UP M.E. AFTER WAR WHAT ABOUT
INDEPENDENCE? RUSSIA TO BE
CONSULTED EXCEPT AFTER 1917 -
WILL NOT WORK WITH BOLSHEVIKS
Sykes-picot treatySykes-picot treaty
The Sykes-Picot(-Sazonov) Agreement[of 1916 was a secret agreement between the governments of Britain and France, with the assent of Russia, Britain Jordan, Iraq and a small area around Haifa France was allocated control of south-eastern Turkey
northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. Russia was to get Constantinople, the Turkish Straits
and the Ottoman Armenian vilayets. The region of Palestine was undecided territory for
international control
The Sykes-Picot(-Sazonov) Agreement[of 1916 was a secret agreement between the governments of Britain and France, with the assent of Russia, Britain Jordan, Iraq and a small area around Haifa France was allocated control of south-eastern Turkey
northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. Russia was to get Constantinople, the Turkish Straits
and the Ottoman Armenian vilayets. The region of Palestine was undecided territory for
international control
Sykes-Picot ConflictsSykes-Picot Conflicts
This agreement is seen by many as conflicting with the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence of 1915–1916. Promised independence to Muslim
Territories
This agreement is seen by many as conflicting with the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence of 1915–1916. Promised independence to Muslim
Territories
END OF WWIEND OF WWI
Arab regions expect British to hold to word
USSR leaks Sykes-Picot - MISTRUST!
Arab regions expect British to hold to word
USSR leaks Sykes-Picot - MISTRUST!
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
Allied Powers “Win” Central Powers lose colonies, see
territories broken up League of Nations
Mandate System UK, France administer regions until
they’re “Ready” for independence How is this different from a colony?
Allied Powers “Win” Central Powers lose colonies, see
territories broken up League of Nations
Mandate System UK, France administer regions until
they’re “Ready” for independence How is this different from a colony?
Middle East, Arab Peoples, and Imperialistic BlundersMiddle East, Arab Peoples, and Imperialistic Blunders
Britain, France, Italy, and Japan want to divide the Ottoman Empire and German territories between themselves as spoils of war Woodrow Wilson unhappy with this because
of his belief in self-determination The Mandate System
Colonial rulers would administer the territories but would be accountable to the League of Nations for the wellbeing of the inhabitants
Britain, France, Italy, and Japan want to divide the Ottoman Empire and German territories between themselves as spoils of war Woodrow Wilson unhappy with this because
of his belief in self-determination The Mandate System
Colonial rulers would administer the territories but would be accountable to the League of Nations for the wellbeing of the inhabitants
Middle East, Arab Peoples, and Imperialistic BlundersMiddle East, Arab Peoples, and Imperialistic Blunders
Class C Mandates Smallest populations Treated exactly like straight territories
Class B Mandates Slightly larger populations but still underdeveloped Would eventually achieve independence as some
unspecified date Most of German African territory in this category
Class A Mandates Former Ottoman Empire “existence as independent nations can be
provisionally recognized subject to administrative advice”
Class C Mandates Smallest populations Treated exactly like straight territories
Class B Mandates Slightly larger populations but still underdeveloped Would eventually achieve independence as some
unspecified date Most of German African territory in this category
Class A Mandates Former Ottoman Empire “existence as independent nations can be
provisionally recognized subject to administrative advice”
Mandate SystemMandate System
UK- Mandates of: Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Install puppet king Establish 75-year-long
oil concession Transjordan (Israel,
Jordan, Palestine) Don’t give full
independence Support more power,
land for jews in region
UK- Mandates of: Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Install puppet king Establish 75-year-long
oil concession Transjordan (Israel,
Jordan, Palestine) Don’t give full
independence Support more power,
land for jews in region
Mandate SystemMandate System
France- Mandates of:
Lebanon Supports Maronite
(christian) minority
Syria Kicks King Faisal
out of power
France- Mandates of:
Lebanon Supports Maronite
(christian) minority
Syria Kicks King Faisal
out of power
“New” Countries, Leaders:“New” Countries, Leaders:
• Prince Faisal: “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
• Prince Abdullah: “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].
• The House of Saud: put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.
• The Pahlavi Family: put on the throne of a new Iran.
• Mustafa Kemal (KEMAL ATATURK): leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.
• Prince Faisal: “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
• Prince Abdullah: “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].
• The House of Saud: put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.
• The Pahlavi Family: put on the throne of a new Iran.
• Mustafa Kemal (KEMAL ATATURK): leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.
Turkey - Treaty of Lausanne, 1923Turkey - Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
Set boundaries between Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria Turkey gave up claims on Cyprus, Iraq, Syria Turkey recognized as successor to Ottoman Empire,
with capital at Ankara (no longer Istanbul) Ended capitulation agreements that had plagued empire
Set boundaries between Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria Turkey gave up claims on Cyprus, Iraq, Syria Turkey recognized as successor to Ottoman Empire,
with capital at Ankara (no longer Istanbul) Ended capitulation agreements that had plagued empire
Secularizing TurkeySecularizing Turkey
• Secularism: Qur’an in Turkish translation.
• Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code.
• Westernization & nationalism:
• Compulsory, secular education.
• Banning the fez.
• Western [Roman] script.
• Western clothing.
• Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.
• Secularism: Qur’an in Turkish translation.
• Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code.
• Westernization & nationalism:
• Compulsory, secular education.
• Banning the fez.
• Western [Roman] script.
• Western clothing.
• Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.
Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk”Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk”
Oil and MesopotamiaOil and Mesopotamia
• First discovered in Persia in 1908.
• Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 àdrill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
• Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
• Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
• In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
• First discovered in Persia in 1908.
• Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 àdrill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
• Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.
• Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.
• In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
Oil and Middle EastOil and Middle East
• American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.
• In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.
• ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
• American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.
• In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.
• ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.
Rezah Khan, 1877-1944Rezah Khan, 1877-1944
• an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.
• declared himself SHAH in1925,created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
• ruled from 1925-1941.
• initiated some modern reforms.
• forced to abdicate by Allied armies in 1941.
• an Iranian officer, seized control of the govt. in 1921.
• declared himself SHAH in1925,created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
• ruled from 1925-1941.
• initiated some modern reforms.
• forced to abdicate by Allied armies in 1941.
Reforms in IranReforms in Iran
• Secularization: seizure of religious lands.
• Adoption of the French civilcode.
• Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.
• Improved education.
• Secularization: seizure of religious lands.
• Adoption of the French civilcode.
• Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.
• Improved education.
Middle East Between World Wars
Middle East Between World Wars
So, what kinds of changes are occurring in Middle Eastern Countries?
How do these experiences relate to some problems we see in the Middle
East Today?
So, what kinds of changes are occurring in Middle Eastern Countries?
How do these experiences relate to some problems we see in the Middle
East Today?
Middle East and WWIIMiddle East and WWII
Location/Resources: Oil! ME countries felt burned by French and
British Germans offered full independence if they
supported Axis cause Some political and religious leaders
supported Germans in order to attain independence from British, French
Location/Resources: Oil! ME countries felt burned by French and
British Germans offered full independence if they
supported Axis cause Some political and religious leaders
supported Germans in order to attain independence from British, French
Post-War Middle EastPost-War Middle East
Israel/Palestine: Country of Israel declared by United
Nations, 1948 Question on Palestinian rights,
boundaries And, access to things like water and
farmland 1920: 20 Arab Palestinian to 1 Jew 1947: 2 to 1
Israel/Palestine: Country of Israel declared by United
Nations, 1948 Question on Palestinian rights,
boundaries And, access to things like water and
farmland 1920: 20 Arab Palestinian to 1 Jew 1947: 2 to 1
Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz SystemJewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System
• First one founded in 1908.
• Communal living.
• “Make the DesertBloom!”
• First one founded in 1908.
• Communal living.
• “Make the DesertBloom!”
Peel Partition Plan, 1937Peel Partition Plan, 1937
UN Partition Plan, 1947UN Partition Plan, 1947
Israel TodayIsrael Today
Elsewhere…Elsewhere…
Iran: 1950s saw US-backed installation
of a Shah 1970s: Shah forced from throne
again by Fundamentalist Clerics, led by Ayatollah Khomeini
Iran: 1950s saw US-backed installation
of a Shah 1970s: Shah forced from throne
again by Fundamentalist Clerics, led by Ayatollah Khomeini
Elsewhere:Elsewhere:
Iraq: 1960s Baath party takes control of
Iraq Secular Government Late 1970s: Saddam Hussein
takes control
Iraq: 1960s Baath party takes control of
Iraq Secular Government Late 1970s: Saddam Hussein
takes control
Elsewhere:Elsewhere:
Afghanistan: 1970s- invaded by Soviet Union US-backed muhajideen against
Soviets After Soviet Collapse,
establishment of Taliban Government
Afghanistan: 1970s- invaded by Soviet Union US-backed muhajideen against
Soviets After Soviet Collapse,
establishment of Taliban Government
Elsewhere:Elsewhere:
Turkey: Still a secular country Experiencing tensions between
religious groups (Kurds, Christians, Muslims)
Turkey: Still a secular country Experiencing tensions between
religious groups (Kurds, Christians, Muslims)
Elsewhere:Elsewhere:
Saudi Arabia: people enjoy decent standards of
living financial benefits from government
Little- to no social reforms Women can’t drive Limited ability to criticize govt
Saudi Arabia: people enjoy decent standards of
living financial benefits from government
Little- to no social reforms Women can’t drive Limited ability to criticize govt
sourcessources
Dmcdowell, “The Modern Middle East, World War I to Present.” el cajon, ca, United States [slideshare powerpoint] http://www.slideshare.net/dmcdowell
Dmcdowell, “The Modern Middle East, World War I to Present.” el cajon, ca, United States [slideshare powerpoint] http://www.slideshare.net/dmcdowell
