1. INTRODUCTION

2. SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY

2.1 Applications of Solar PV

2.2 Overview of Ground Mounted PV Power Plant

2.3 Solar PV Modules

2.4 Mounting and Tracking Systems

2.5 Inverters

2.6 Quantifying Plant Performance

2.7 Solar PV Technology Conclusions

3 THE SOLAR RESOURCE

3.1 Quantifying the Resource

3.2 Solar Resource Assessment

3.3 Variability in Solar Irradiation

4 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Overview of Project Phases

4.2 Concept

4.3 Pre-Feasibility Study

4.4 Feasibility Study

4.5 Development

4.6 Detailed Design

5 SITE SELECTION

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Site Selection Constraints

6 ENERGY YIELD PREDICTION

6.1 Irradiation on Module Plane

6.2 Performance Modelling

6.3 Energy Yield Prediction Results

6.4 Uncertainty in the Energy Yield Prediction

7 PLANT DESIGN

7.1 Technology Selection

7.2 Layout and Shading

7.3 Electrical Design

7.4 Infrastructure

7.5 Site Security

7.6 Monitoring and Forecasting

7.7 Optimising System Design

7.8 Design Documentation Requirements

7.9 Plant Design Conclusions

8 PERMITS AND LICENSING

8.1 Permitting, Licensing and Regulatory Requirements-General

8.2 IFC Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability

8.3 Permitting, Licensing and Regulatory Requirements-India

9 CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Interface Management

9.3 Programme and Scheduling

9.4 Cost Management

9.5 Contractor Warranties

9.6 Quality Management

9.7 Environmental and Safety Management

9.8 Health and Safety Management

9.9 Specifi c Solar PV Construction Issues

9.10 Construction Supervision

10 COMMISSIONING

10.1 General Recommendations

10.2 Pre-Connection Acceptance Testing

10.3 Grid Connection

10.4 Post Connection Acceptance Testing

10.5 Provisional Acceptance

10.6 Handover Documentation

11 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

11.1Scheduled/Preventative Maintenance

11.2 Unscheduled Maintenance

11.3 Spares

11.4 Performance Monitoring, Evaluation and Optimization

11.5 Contract

11.6 Operations and Maintenance Conclu-sions

12 ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL MODEL

12.1 Economics Benefi ts and Costs

12.2 Central Electricity Regulatory Commis-sion (CERC) Cost Benchmarks

12.3 Financial Model

13 FINANCING PV PROJECTS

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Project Financing

13.3Risks

13.4 Insurance

14 CONCLUSION

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A Guide for Solar Development and Investors

Feasibility Study of Solar Power Plants 2014Release Date: September, 2014 • Price: INR 25,000 / 400 USD • Print Price: INR 28,000 / 450 USD

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A Guide for Solar Development and Investors

Feasibility Study of Solar Power Plants 2014

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Appendix A- Concentrated Solar Power

1 INSRODUCTION

2 Installed CSP Capacity

3 THE SOLAR RESOURCE

4 Review of CSP Technologies

4.1 Overview of Concentrating Solar Thermal Technologies

4.1.1 Uptake and Track Record

4.1.2 CSP Cost Trends

4.1.3 Summary Comparison

4.2 Parabolic Trough Concentrators

4.2.1 Refl ector

4.2.2 Receiver Tube

4.2.3 Heat Transfer Fluid

4.2.4 Base Frame, Tracking Systems and Connecting Elements

4.2.5 Examples from Industry

4.2.6 Losses

4.2.7 Costs

4.2.8 Conclusions

4.3 Power Tower

4.3.1 Helios tar and the Tracking and Control Mechanisms

4.3.2 Receiver, Heat Transfer Medium and Tower

4.3.3 Examples in Industry

4.3.4 Conclusions

4.4 Parabolic Dish

4.4.1 Sterling Engines

4.2.2 Conclusions

4.5 Power Block

4.6 Energy Storage and Supplementary Heating

4.6.1 Overview

4.6.2 Storage Medium (Including Molten Salts)

4.6.3 Supplementary Heating (Use of Natural Gas or LPG)

4.6.4 Costs

4.6.5 Conclusions

4.7 Cooling and Water Consumption

4.7.1 Cooling Options

4.7.2 Water Consumption

4.8 Integrated Solar Combined Cycle

4.9 Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)

4.9.1 Manufactures and Examples from Industry

4.9.2 CPV Advantages and Disadvantages

4.10 Linear Fresnel Refl ector

4.10.1 Applications and Example

4.10.2 Refl ector and Heat Transfer

4.10.3 Receiver and Hear Transfer

4.10.4 Conclusions

5 Site Selection

6 Energy Yield Prediction

6.1 Site Conditions and Data Measurements

6.2 Technology Characteristics

6.3 Energy Yield Modelling

7 Project Implementation

7.1 Overview

7.2 Design

7.2.1 Project Size and Land Area

7.2.2 Load Matching Generation

7.2.3 Solar Multiple

7.2.4 Capacity Factor

7.2.5 Grade of Heat

7.3 Development

7.4 Engineering Procurement and Construc-tion

7.5 Uncertainties and Risks

7.5.1 Achieving Performance Improvements

7.5.2 Realizing Learning Rate Effects

7.5.3 Supply Chain Competition

7.5.4 Short Term Cost Uncertainties

8 Conclusion

Appendix A-Concentrated Solar Power

Appendix B- AC Benchmarks

Appendix C- EPC Contract Model Heads

of Terms

Appendix D- O&M Contract Model Heads

of Terms

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

FIGURES

Figure 1 : Overview of Solar PV Power Plant

Figure 2 : (a) PV Technology Classes

Figure 2 : (b) Development of Research Cell Effi ciencies

Figure 3 : (b) Figure 4 : Effect of Tilt on Solar Energy Capture

Figure 5 : Benefi t of Dual Axis Tracking System

Figure 6 : PV System Confi gurations

Figure 7 : Transformer and Transformer less Inverter Schematic

Figure 8 : Effi ciency Curves of Low, Medium and High Effi ciency Inverters as Functions of the Input Power to Inverter Rated Capacity Ratios

Figure 9 : Inverter Manufacture Market Share 2009

Figure 10 : Annual Average Global Horizontal Irradiation

Figure 11 : Example Pyranometer Measuring

GHI (Image courtesy: Kipp & Zonen)

Figure 12 : Annual Average Daily Global Horizontal Irradiation for India at 40-km Resolution

Figure 13 : Annual Mean Horizontal Solar Irradiation for Three Cities in India

Figure 14 : Monthly Diffuse and Direct Solar Irradiation in Chennai, India

Figure 15 : Large Scale PV Plant

Figure 16 : Uncertainty in Energy Yield Prediction

Figure 17 : Sun-path Diagram for Chennai, India

Figure 18 : Shading Angle Diagram (Image courtesy of Schletter Gmbh)

Figure 19 : Voltage and Power Dependency Graphs of Inverter Effi ciency

Figure 20 : PV Array Showing String Cables

Figure 21 : Typical Transformer Locations and Voltage Levels in a Solar Plant where Export to Grid is at HV

Figure 22 : PV System Monitoring Schematic

Figure 23 : Components of a Forecasting Systems

Figure 24 : Spacing Between Module Rows

Figure 25 : Solar Panel Covered with Dust

Figure 26 : Benchmark Solar PV Plant Cost Breakdown according to CERC

FIGURES

Appendix A- Concentrated Solar Power

Figure 1: Average Daily Direct Normal Solar Irradiation for Selected Asian Countries (kWh.m2/day)

Figure 2: Ideal Representation of a Concen-trating Solar Power System

Figure 3: Solar Thermal Concentrator Types

Figure 4: Typical CSP Power Plant Schematic (Parabolic Trough with Storage)

Figure 5: Implementation of CSP Technolo-gies

Figure 6: Generating Cost for Recently Com-pleted and Under Construction CSP Projects

Figure 7: An Example of a Parabolic Trough Concentrator

Figure 8: An Example of a Parabolic Concen-trator Solar Plant

Figure 9: Component Cost as a Percentage of Overall Plant Cost

Figure 10: Installed Cost as a Percentage of Overall Plant Cost

Figure 11: Generating Cost of a Parabolic Trough Plant

Figure 12: An Example of Solar Power Tower Technology

Figure 13: An Example of a Parabolic Dish System

Figure 14: Implementation of Energy Storage in CSP Plants

Figure 15: ISCC Plant Schematic

Figure 16: IIIustration of Typical CPV Concen-trating Mechanism

Figure 17: Example of Sol Focus CPV Instal-lation

Figure 18: Kimber Lina solar thermal energy, plant installed by AREVA Solar (USA)

TABLES

Tables 1: Characteristics of Various PV tech-nology classes

Tables 2: PV Module Standards

Tables 3: Indicate List of Inverter-related Standards

Tables 4: Inter-Annual Various in Solar Re-source from Analysis of NASA SSE

Tables 5: Losses in a PV Power Plant

Tables 6: Comparison of Module Technical Specifi cations at STC

Tables 7: Inverter Selection Criteria

Tables 8: Inverter Specifi cation

Tables 9: Defi nition of Ingress Protection (IP) Ratings

Tables 10: Performance Optimization Strate-gies

Tables 11: Annotated Wiring Diagram Re-quirements

Tables 12: Solar PV Project Interfaces

Tables 13: Typical EPC Payment Schedule

Tables 14: Warranty Types and Requirements

Tables 15: Benchmark Costs

Appendix A -Concentrated Solar Power

Tables 1: CSP Installed Capacity (MW)

Tables 2: Comparison of solar Thermal Con-centrating Technologies

Tables 3: Parabolic Trough Reference Plant Characteristic

Tables 4: Condenser Cooling Options

Tables 5: Water Requirements for Different CSP Plant Types

Tables 6: Examples of ISCC Plants

Tables 7: Load Matching Options

Appendix B-AC Specifi cation

Tables 1: Cable Specifi cation

Tables 2: Switchgear Specifi cation

Tables 3: Transformer Specifi cation

Appendix C-EPC Contract Model Heads of

Terms

Tables 1 - Milestone Payments and Transfer of Title

A Guide for Solar Development and Investors

Feasibility Study of Solar Power Plants 2014

For more details about products and services please call

Tel.: +91-11-45544187, 41630406, Mob.: +91-8527803963

email: venkat@idatainsights.com

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