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TRADEMARKS in
Business Enterprises
__ Dr. Dinesh Kumar. M.Sc., B.Ed., PhD., MBA
Dy. General Manager, Rights & Marks, Chennai-01
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• Late 18th & Early 19th Century – we had the Industrial Revolution
• 20th Century- could be called as the Electric & Electronics age
• Late 20th Century- we hit the IT & Biotech bandwagons which still have an unimaginable potential for transforming human life.
• 21st Century- leadership of the world will be in the hands of those who create and harness Knowledge
INTRODUCTION
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Old Vs. New Economy
• Industrial economy – focus on physical goods. Dependent on natural resources (finite)
• New economy – Greater reliance on know-how, knowledge, human creativity and innovation (infinite)
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New Economy in Business World
• Global market place• More demanding and fickle consumers• Shorter product cycles• Working through relationships and networks• Differentiating products • Selling an image, concept, idea• Out sourcing• Efficient use of resources resulting in lower cost
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Example• A pair of jeans bought in a street market may cost
Rs.500 while the same pair of jeans bought in a high end boutique will cost Rs.2000.
• The difference accounted for in the intangible components in the latter.
• It is likely that the same (outsourced) manufacturer produced both.
• Globalization and trade liberalization has made it crucial for SMEs to become internationally competitive even when competing exclusively in domestic markets
• Application of knowledge, creativity and innovation key in competitiveness
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Competitiveness of SMEs
• To be competitive SMEs need to constantly improve their efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance the reputation of their products and services by:– Investing in research and development– Acquiring new technology– Improving management practices– Developing creative and appealing designs– Effectively marketing their products and services
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Property [ Earlier concept ]
Movable Immovable
Tangible property
Fetched maximum value
Solely responsible for growth
Property -Present Concept
Movable
Immovable
Intangible assets [IPRs]
Acquired more importance
Responsible for Industrial ,economical & cultural growth
IPR - an Asset -many things common with Real forms of property
IPR gives exclusive Right to the owner
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What is Intellectual Property
“Intellectual Property or IP is the term that describes the ideas, inventions, technologies, artwork, music, literature that are intangible when created but become valuable in tangible form as products”.
-World Intellectual Property Organization
Components of IP – Patents, Trademarks, Designs, Copyrights & Other evolving forms
Creation of Human Intellect
Important in Today’s Knowledge-Based EconomyIPR- A Key component for success in Business
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
IPRs - “New wealth of Nations
An infinite renewable resource
Knowledge is an capital –we are knowledge capitalist
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Every Business has Intellectual Creation
Need & Importance of IPR to Business
• Product or service
• Technology or process
• Shape or look of product
• Brand or Logo
• Customers List
• Product Literature
• Website & Software Requirements
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Property Created through Intellectual Creation is Afforded monopoly for
Limited or Perpetual period under the Statutes
or Equity
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The IP System
• Provides SMEs exclusivity over the exploitation of their innovative products and services, creative designs and brands
• Thus creating an appropriate incentive for investing in improving their competitiveness
• Ensures a competitive market place, honest trade practices and overall national development
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SMEs and IP• Enterprises worldwide largely under-utilize the
intellectual property system due to– Perceived lack of relevance of the IP system– Perceived high costs and complexity of IP system– Limited awareness of the IP system and its
usefulness– Lack of qualified human resources to use the IP
system
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National Laws• The IPR regime in India is regulated through the following acts
and laws: – The Patents Act 1970 (as amended)– The Copyright Act 1957 (as amended)– The Trade Marks Act 1999– The Designs Act 2001– The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registrations and
Protection) Act, 1999 – The Semiconductor Integrated circuit Layout-Design Act 2000– The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act 2001– The Biological Diversity Act 2002
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)
IPRPatents
Industrial Design
Trademarks
Works of Art
Literature
MusicBroadcasting
Dramatics Works
Sound Recording
Computer Programs Geographical Indications
Industrial Property Rights
Copy
righ
t
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Forms of Intellectual Properties
Trademarks: Brands
Patents: Inventions
Industrial Designs: Aesthetics of Products
Copyright: Art, Books, Software, Music
Geographical Indications: Origin of the product
Trade Secrets: Formulae, Know-How’s
Confidential Information: Data such as client list
Domain Name: Website
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Intangible to Tangible• By providing the protection, the IP system gives the owner of
those intangibles a right of exclusivity, the right to prevent others from using them.
• Bringing intangible rights closer to tangible property
Innovative products or processes
Cultural artistic and literary works
Creative designs
Distinctive signs
Microchips
Denominations of goods attributable to a geographical origin
Confidential business information
Patents or utility models
Copyright and related rights
Industrial design rights
Trademark
Layout-designs or integrated circuits.
Geographical indications
Trade secrets
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Essential Panchasheel
Innovation
Creativity
Entrepreneurship
IPR
InventionSuccess
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IPRS ARE NECESSARY NO MATTER WHICH SIDE OF THE WALL YOU ARE ON!!
Protect your own IPs
Let others know your boundaries
Modify others’ ideas legitimately
Don’t become a trespasser
TRADEMARKS TM/
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Any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination, used, or intended to be used, in commerce/business to identify and distinguish the goods or services
Protects
All of the logos, banner, sound, smell, etc.
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Trademark Protection
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Functions of a Trade Mark• Identifies the goods/services and its
origin
• Guarantees its unchanged quality
• Advertises the goods/services
• Creates an image for the goods/services in the minds of people
• Value of product includes intangible but substantial value due to Trade Mark
• Significant in JV / mergers / technology transfer agreements / licensing issues
• Attracts customers and acquires their goodwill
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Forms of Trademark Word mark – Eg. TEXAS UNIVERSITY
Logo – Eg. Jawaharlal Nehru University Packaging of goods/ Trade dress – Eg. Colgate pack Certification mark – Eg. Wool mark, Silk Mark Service Mark - Ex : RBI, UTI, LIC, ICICI, HUDCO, DTC
etc Sound mark- Eg. Roar of the MGM lion Smell mark - smell of fresh cut grass used over tennis balls is registered
TM in EU
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Benefits of trademark Registration
• Nationwide protection from the date of application
• Exclude others from using the mark or its varieties.
• Stop infringing goods at the dock• Mark is presumed valid during litigation.• Enhanced Damages.• Get to use of the symbol ®
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Importance of Trademark for Business Enterprises
Exclusive legal right on your business name
Protects your business name and gives remedy in the court in case of any infringement
A sound name in the market in the eye of a general public
Creates a face value among competitors Gives a legal recognition to your business ‘Monopoly’ for business name or brand
name
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Trademark : Relevance to Business
• Distinguishes SOURCE
• Image and Reputation • Trust – Loyal Customers - Goodwill
• Marketing Tool
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Practical Aspects
• Selecting a trademark• Protecting a trademark through
registration• Using and maintaining a trademark• Enforcing a trademark
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What to Remember when selecting Trademark?
• Inherently distinctive– Coined or fanciful words: “Kodak”– Arbitrary marks: “apple” for computers– Suggestive marks: SUNNY for heaters
• Easy to memorize and pronounce• Fits product or image of the business• Has no legal restrictions
– Reasons for rejection– TM search>not identical or confusingly similar to existing TM
• Has a positive connotation• Suitable for export markets• Corresponding domain name available
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Criteria for trademark registration
Non-descriptive Ex: “Duke” for university (not descriptive) Ex: “E-Book” for educational institution(descriptive)
Non-generic Ex: “NALSAR” for a university(not generic) Ex: “New York” for a university (generic)
Not identical or similar to existing marks Ex: “Oxford” “Auxford” Ex: “Michigan” “Mirchigon”
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Protecting a TM through registration
• The applicant– Application form, contact details, graphic illustration of
mark, description of goods, fees• The trademark office
– Formal examination– Substantive examination– Publication and opposition– Registration certificate valid for 10 years– Renewal
TRA
DEM
ARK
REG
ISTR
ATIO
N P
ROCE
SS IN
IN
DIA
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Keep in Mind
• The time it takes to register a TM• The costs associated with TM protection• The need for a trademark search• A trademark agent may be required• Protecting at home and abroad• Renewing your registration
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“Making a Mark”: The Role of Trademarks in Branding• Branding allows a company to differentiate its
products and services from the competition by creating a bond with its customers in order to create customer loyalty.
• This way, a company can have a position in the marketplace that is much more difficult for the competition to poach.
• A satisfied customer may leave. But a loyal customer is more likely to stay.
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Concept of Branding
• A company image as seen by the customer• Good branding = getting people to recognize
you first• Having an effective logo with which customers
can identify you• A brand is what differentiates you from your
competitors• Good advertising and how it attracts customers • A compelling customer experience
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Branding matters
“Consumers are starved for time and overwhelmed by the choices available to
them. They want strong brands that simplify their decision making and reduce
their risks.”
Kevin Lane Keller, Tuck School of Business
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The Nike’s case• Reflects the popularity of a well-known TM• The “Swoosh” is the well known symbol of Nike• Originally Nike’s logo included also the shoemaker’s
name• At the end of the nineties, the Nike’s name disappeared• The swoosh remained as the main identification
symbol of the shoemaker• Today there is no need to include the brand into this
logo since the recognition of a simple swoosh automatically brings our attention to Nike
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The “Swoosh”
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For Consumer – Brands Helps Choice in a Crowded
Market Place
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For Business – Trademarks Helps Positioning, Reach,
Identity & Range of Products and Services
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Film company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios to file a trademark application for its well-known lion’s roar after 20 years of extensions
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Trade marks may be registered or unregisteredUnregistered trade mark is called common law mark.The proprietor of unregistered trademark is not entitled to take any action regarding infringement
of trademark
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Enforcing Trademarks
• Responsibility on TM owner to identify infringement and decide on measures
• “ Cease and desist letter” to alleged infringer • Search and seize order• Cooperation with customs authorities to prevent
counterfeit trademark goods• Arbitration and mediation (preserve business
relations)
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Trademarks Depiction
ENFORCEMENT – TM INFRINGEMENTAction against copycats
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ENFORCEMENT – TM INFRINGEMENTAction against copycats
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ENFORCEMENT – TM INFRINGEMENTAction against copycats
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– Criminal offence• Use of identical or similar mark on goods or services
or package containing goods;• Cognizable offence with imprisonment for a term not
less than 6 months but may extend to 3 years AND• Fine not less than Rs. 50,000/- (1000 US$) but may
extend to Rs. 200,000/- (4000 US$);• On second and every subsequent offence
infringement not less than 1 year but may extend to 3 years AND
• Fine not less than Rs. 100,000/- (2000 US$) but may extend to Rs. 200,000/- (4000 US$).
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Key Challenge
Voice of Industry Can Stop this Menace
• Enforcement agencies – No•Judiciary - No
• Legislation - No
But
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The Value of a Trademark
• A marketing tool• Source of revenue through licensing • Crucial component of franchising
agreements• May be useful for obtaining finance• A valuable business asset
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Interbrand 2015 Annual Survey of the world’s most valuable global brands
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Interbrand 2015 Annual Survey of the world’s most valuable Indian brands
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Using a Trademark as a business asset
• Merchandising : owner retains ownership and agrees to the use of the TM by other company in exchange for royalties > licensing agreement (business expansion/diversification)
• Franchising: licensing of a TM central to franchising agreement. The franchiser allows franchisee to use his way of doing business (TM, know-how, customer service, s/w, shop decoration. etc)
• Selling/assigning TM to another company (merger & acquisitions/raising of cash)
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Franchise
• A specialized license where the franchisee is allowed by the franchisor in return for a fee to use a particular business model and is licensed a bundle of IP rights (TM, service marks, patents, trade secrets, copyrighted works…) and supported by training, technical support and mentoring
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Merchandising• The licensing of trademarks, designs,
artworks as well as fictional characters (protected by these rights) and real personalities are broadly referred to as merchandising.• For the licensor
– Extend into new products– Increases exposure, strengthens image (could also
damage)– Revenue– Relatively risk free
• For the licensee– Increase appeal of its products– Relatively low cost way of gaining market share
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FORM TM-1
Application for Registration of a trade mark
(Section 18(1), Rule 25)
• Application is hereby made for registration in the register of the accompanying trade mark in class ................. in respect of ........ in the name of(s) whose address is ...... who claim(s) to be proprietor(s) thereof and whom the said mark is proposed to be used or by whom and his (their) predecessors in title the said mark has been continuously used since ............. in respect of the said goods.
• Date:
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SCHEDULE IVTotal classes: 45. (1-34 goods and 35-45 services)
• Class 25: Clothing including boots, shoes and slippers. • Class 29: Meat, fish poultry and game, meat extracts, preserved, dried
and cooked fruits and vegetables; jellies, jams, eggs; milk and other dairy products; edible oils and fats; preserves, pickles.
• Class 30: Coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, rice, tapioca, sago, coffee substitutes; flour and preparations made from cereals; bread, biscuits, cakes, pastry and confectionery; honey, treacle; yeast, baking-powder, salt, mustard; pepper, vinegar, sauces, spices; ice.
• Class 31: Agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains not included in other classes, living animals, fresh fruits and vegetables; seeds; live plants and flowers; foodstuffs for animals; malt.
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Contd…Services• 35. Advertising, business management, business administration, office
functions• 36. Insurance, financial affairs, monetary affairs, real estate affairs• 37. Building construction; repair; installation services• 38. Telecommunications• 39. Transport; packaging and storage o goods; travel arrangement• 40. Treatment of materials• 41. Education; providing training; entertainment; sporting and cultural
activities• 42. Providing food and drink, temporary accommodation; medical, hygienic
and beauty care; veterinary and agriculture services, legal services, scientific and industrial research, computer programming; services that cannot be classified in other classes.
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MARKS WHICH CANNOT BE REGISTERED • Use of which is contrary to law
(Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use), Act, 1950
• Use of which is likely to hurt religious susceptibilities of
any class or section of the citizens of India
WORDS WHICH ORDINARILY CANNOT BE REGISTERED
• Words having direct reference to the character or quality of goods
• Geographical name
• Surname
• Sect caste or tribe (Distinctiveness to be established)
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NO REGISTRATION OF MARKS LIKELY TO DECEIVE OR CAUSE CONFUSION
• Similar, Identical, Deceptively similar, causes confusion
• Degree of resemblance (phonetic, visual as well as similarities in ideas)
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Cases• Elora clocks as opposed to Ellora time pieces• Pearl and Pearle appliances• Surya as opposed to Suryan trademark for soaps• Ponas as opposed to Ponds• Fieldmarshal Diesel pumps as opposed to Sonamarshal
Diesel pumps• Amritdhara and Lakshmandhara were the two
medicine. • Peacock brand plastic wares and opposed to Mayur
plastic wares
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Cases• Surya with a half rising sun and Bhaskar with a full
rising sun for tube lights• Robin with a device of a bird sitting on a twig; Bul Bul
with two birds-one partially hiding the other for blue• MERCEDES BENZ" cars with the symbol of a 'THREE
POINTED STAR'. VIP Benz vests with a star symbol.• Rediff v/s Radiff• Yahoo v/s YahooIndia
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Case Study
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Case Study
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Case Study
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Case Study
• Vijay Mallya, chairman of UB group convinced State Bank of India (SBI) to accept Kingfisher Airline brand as collateral to raise Rs. 2000 crore in debt.
• Globally, many companies have used their brands value to open lines of credit.
• The most famous example being Walt Disney, which raised about USD 725 million from Industrial Bank of Japan in 1988 through issuance of bonds against future earnings of the park for the next 20 years.
• The deal was structured in such a way that the investors had to bare any shortfall in the revenues and Disney continued to get its royalties without losing any money. It was the Walt Disney brand in which investors showed interest, faith and responded positively in the market.
COPYRIGHT
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Relates to Original Literary, dramatic or musical work Artistic creations(paintings,photographs Cinematographic films & Sound Recording Software programme
It is a Proprietary Right Comes into existence as soon as the work is created Extends to many countries Term varies according to the nature of the work
(70 years plus the life time of the author in case of literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work & 60 years after publication of a photograph, film or sound recording)
C
Conditions for protection Work must be original. Work must be fixed or presented in tangible form such as writing,
recording, film or photography. Protects the skill & labor employed by the Author in production of his
work It is immaterial whether the work is wise, foolish, accurate or inaccurate
or whether it has or has not any literary merit
What are not protected Not given for just idea, but Copyright exists only in the material form to
which the ideas are translated or expressed Works that are not fixed in a tangible form Non original works; universal facts, works consisting of information
commonly available.
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Case Study
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Intellectual Property (IP) Valuation Market Value of a Enterprises is increased
by protecting its Intellectual Property (IP), IP Watch and its Valuation.
(It should be noted that licensing, Selling and Commercialization of IP products or services guarantee Huge Capital for the business enterprises in the long run). Investors and Financial Institutions keep
their eyes peeled on IP Products and Services IP Products and Services eventually
increase the IP Portfolio and are sold at higher valuation
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IP Assets Valuation
IP Valuation
Funding
Buying/Selling
Licensing
Pro- M&A
EnforcementLitigation Damages
Financial Reporting
(Post M&A)
Transfer Pricing
Bankruptcy
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Geographical Indications: Introduction
DEFINITION• An indication which identifies goods as
agricultural, natural or manufactured.
• Originating or manufactured in the territory of a country or a region or locality
• Where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of such goods is essentially attributable to its Geographical origin.
- Section 2(i) (e) of G.I. Act 1999.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
INDICATION
• Includes • Any name• Geographical or Figurative representation(or) • Any combination of them• Conveying or suggesting the Geographical
Origin - Section (2) (i) (g) of G.I. Act 1999.
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GIs – the concept
• GIs are essentially the DNA of Nature impregnated into the Mother Earth – difficult to clone and beyond scientific calculation.
• GIs are about culture, geography, traditions, heritage and traditional practices of people and countries.
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77
Indian GI Act Framework• GIs can be granted to an individual, a family, a partnership, a corporation,
a voluntary association etc or any organization or authority established by or under any law for the time being in force representing the interest of the producers of the concerned goods.
• GIs protect and reward traditions while allowing for products to evolve over time
• GIs can be protected over long periods as long as the collective tradition is maintained – – Indian Act protects GIs for an initial period of 10 years, which can be
renewed after the expiry of the initial period of protection for another 10 years
– GIs would cease to be on the register if not renewed six months after the expiration of the last registration
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78
GIs and Developing Countries
• Instrument of Rural Development - promotion of products having certain characteristics could be of considerable benefit to the rural economy, in particular to less-favored or remote areas, by improving the incomes of farmers and by retaining the rural population in these areas (EC Regulation 2081/92) – e.g. Italian Tuscan Olive Oil sold at premium ever since its registration in 1998.
• Differentiation of products can lead to:– Increase in prices of the protected products– Allows genuine producers to capture the rents, entry barriers for “fakes”
• More Antiguan Coffee and Darjeeling Tea sold than produced - shows large market for genuine products.
• Issue is whether the framework is appropriate for developing countries.
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India’s famous GIs
• Banarasi silks• Paschmina shawls• Kashmir carpets• Basmati rice• Darjeeling tea• Assam tea• Bengal Cotton• Alphonso Mangoes• Pochampalli silk• Chanderi silk• Hyderabad pearls• Kerala Nendran bananas• Jaipur silver jewellery
• Nilgiri tea• Coorg coffee• Mysore sandal products• Mysore silk• Malabar pepper• Kancheepuram silks• Lonawala chikis (food
stuff)• Nilgiri tea• Coir products from Kerala• Cardamom from Kerala• Aranmula mirrors• Nagpur oranges• Phulkari embroidery work
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Geographical Indication
Product
State
Dateof
Registration
Darjeeling Tea Tea West Bengal 29.10.04Pochampally Ikat Textile Andhra Pradesh 31.12.04Chanderi saree Textile Guna, 28.01.05
Madhya PradeshKotpad Handloom fabric Textile Koraput, Orissa 02.06.05Kota Doria Textiles Kota, Rajasthan 05.07.05Kancheepuram silk Textiles Tamil Nadu 02.06.05Bhavani Jamakkalam Textile, carpets Erode,Tamil
Nadu05.07.05
Mysore Agarbathi Incense sticks Mysore, Karnataka
02.06.05
Aranmula Kannadi Metal Mirror Kerala 19.09.05Salem Fabric Textiles Tamil Nadu 19.09.05Solapur Chaddar Textiles Maharashtra 19.09.05Solapur Terry Towel Textiles Maharashtra 19.09.05Mysore Silk Textiles Karnataka 28.11.05Kullu Shawl Textiles Himachal
Pradesh12.12.05
Madurai Sungudi Textiles Tamil Nadu 12.12.05Kangra Tea Tea Himachal
Pradesh12.12.05
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Geographical Indication
Product
State
Dateof
Registration
Coorg Orange Horticulture Product
Karnataka 30.01.2006
Mysore Betel Leaf Horticulture Product
Karnataka 30.01.2006
Nanjanagud Banana Horticulture Product
Karnataka 30.01.2006
Mysore Sandalwood Oil Essential Oil Karnataka 30.01.2006
Mysore Sandal Soap Soap Karnataka 30.01.2006
Bidriware Handicrafts Karnataka 30.01.2006
Channapatna Toys and Dolls Handicrafts Karnataka 30.01.2006
Coimbatore Wet Grinder Wet Grinder Tamil Nadu 30.01.2006
Mysore Rosewood Inlay Handicrafts Karnataka 30.01.2006
Kasuti Embroidery Embroidery (Textiles)
Karnataka 30.01.2006
Mysore Traditional Paintings
Paintings Karnataka 30.01.2006
GOODS
• Agricultural • Natural• Manufactured goods• Goods of Handicrafts• (or) • Industry• Food Stuffs
- Section (2) (1) (f) of G.I. Act 1999.
Goods
I. Agricultural Tea : Darjeeling, Assam, Nilgiri & Kangra Coffee : Monsooned Coffee Rice : Basmati, Nellore, Sona masuri. Wheat : Punjab, Madhya pradesh. Fruits : Alphonso, Banganapalli. Vegetable: Bangalore Brinjals. Spice : Malabar Pepper.
GoodsII. Natural Kolar gold Illmanite and Monosite of Kerala Goa Iron ore Kota Stone Cuddappa Stone Neyveli Lignite
III. Manufactured Goods
III(a). Textiles Pochampally Ikat, Kasuti Embroidery,
Mysore Silk, Bhavani Jamakalam, Kanchipuram Silk, Kota Doria, Chanderi Saree, Solapur Chaddar, Solapur Terry Towel, Kullu Shawl, Kotpad Handloom Fabric, Madurai Sungudi, Phulkari Embroidery
III(b). Handicrafts
• Aranmula Kannadi.• Bidari Ware.• Chanapattna Toys.• Malabar Hukka• Tanjore Dolls• Tanjore Plates• Tanjore Paintings• Tanjore Veena
Food Stuffs • Bikaneri Bhujiya.• Andhra Pickles.• Calicut Halwa.• Tirunelveli Halwa.• Agra Peta.• Kolkatta Rasagulla
Why the need for an International registration of GIs
• Legal certainty for producers • Protection of consumers against misleading advertising
But also…• … protection of traditional knowledge and local know-how• … protection of a key development tool
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Case of Basmati Rice
• Bas – Aroma, Basmati – Aromatic Rice• Production area – belt on Northern India and
adjacent part of Pakistan• Unique Characteristics – long grain (increases
substantially on cooking), distinctive aroma and taste.
• Efforts to usurp the GI • Case for joint registration – India and Pakistan.
Who Can Register?
Any association of persons or producers or any organization or authority established
by or under law representing the interest of producers of the concerned goods
BENEFITS OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION
• It confers legal protection to geographical indications in India.
• It prevents unauthorised use of a registered geographical indication by others.
• It boosts exports of Indian geographical indications by providing legal protection.
• It promotes economic prosperity of producers.• It enables seeking legal protection in other
WTO member countries.
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Conclusion• New (knowledge) Economy rewards those
enterprises that are creative, innovative and understand the importance of the market for ideas
• The IP system provides the formal framework for protecting their knowledge, creativity & innovation
• To maximize the potential provided the IP system one has to think beyond exclusive rights to IP assets
• IP offices, Chambers and other support institutions have an important role to assist
Rights & Marks - Services & Expertise at glanceWe offer the complete gamut of legal services with five branch offices in prime cities of India having its head office located in Chennai and as well branches at overseas in UK, UAE and USA.
As a full-service law firm, we have significant award-winning practices in services of
Trademarks and Brand Protection & Creation CopyrightsPatentsIndustrial Designs IP valuation & IP Audit and IP WatchIP Enforcement & Technology Transfer Agreements
Other law services viz., Franchise & Joint venture Agreements, Contract Drafting and Reviewing services, Corporate Law, Litigation and Arbitration, Mergers and Acquisitions, Leveraged and Acquisition Finance, Securities Enforcement and Tax, Banking and Financial Institutions, Private Equity, Real Estate, Insurance and Litigation.05/03/2023 © Copyright 2015, Rights & Marks,
Chennai 93
Rights & Marks – Global Awards
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Hyderabad Mr. V.Rajesh General Manager Mob : 93477 61242
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Contact for More Details
Corporate Head Office Pandu Klix Plaza, Suite no.27 C&D, No.330/168, Thambu Chetty street,
Chennai-600 001. Phone : (044) 43445353, Mob: 07358044457
Email ID: [email protected] Web: www.rightsandmarks.org
Bangalore Ms. UmaBranch ManagerMob :9379150966
Franchises in IndiaCoimbatoreMr. Jayakumar Branch ManagerMob :99444 00083
Overseas OfficesU.K. U.S.A. U.A.E.