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Vie privée et enquêtes Privacy in Investigations Chantal Bernier Dentons Canada LLP Justice Canada 20.10.2014

Privacy in investigations

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This presentation was prepared and presented by Chantal Bernier on October 20, 2014 for the Department of Justice Canada.

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Page 1: Privacy in investigations

Vie privée et enquêtes

Privacy in Investigations

Chantal Bernier Dentons Canada LLP

Justice Canada

20.10.2014

Page 2: Privacy in investigations

La prémisse/ The premise

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 2

• Le droit à la vie privée et les

règles d’enquête sont

complémentaires

• Les deux restreignent la collecte

de données à l’information

pertinente

• Privacy law and investigation

rules are complementary

• Both restrict data collection to

what is relevant

Page 3: Privacy in investigations

Survol / Overview

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 3

I. Le cadre juridique fédéral

II. Les enjeux pertinents au travail

d’enquête

III. Les enjeux émergents

IV. Quelques principes phares

I. The Federal Legal Framework

II. Issues Relevant to

Investigative Work

III. Emerging Issues

IV. A Few Principles as Beacons

Page 4: Privacy in investigations

4 20 Oct 2014

Cadre juridique Legal framework

Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L.

Page 5: Privacy in investigations

1. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 5

• From sections based on individual autonomy

• Section 8 on search and seizure

• Section 7 on freedom and liberty

• The right to privacy is the right to control what is known about us R. v.

Duarte (1990)

• The right may be infringed on the basis of a 4 part test of

• Necessity

• Proprotionality

• Effectiveness

• Absence of a less intrusive alternative R. Oakes (1986)

Page 6: Privacy in investigations

2. The Privacy Act

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 6

• Personal information is information that relates to an identifiable

individual (section 3)

• Protected by 5 institutional obligations:

• Limitation of collection to what is necessary

• Consistent use

• Prohibition to disclose

• Duty to provide access

• Duty to maintain accuracy and remedy

Page 7: Privacy in investigations

3. La loi sur la protection des renseignements

personnels et documents électroniques

(LPRPDE/PIPEDA)

20 mois 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 7

• Un renseignement personnel est défini comme tout renseignement à

propos d’un individu indentifiable à l’exception de renseignements

professionnels (article 3)

• Protégé par 10 principes de gestion des renseignements personnels,

dont l’interdiction de divulgation (Annexe I)

Page 8: Privacy in investigations

4. Le cadre de gouvernance / The governance

framework

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 8

• Commissaire à la vie privée du Canada

• Agent du Parlement

• Compétence à l’égard de 250 agences

• Exerçant des fonctions

• d’enquête

• de vérification

• révision des EFVP/PIA

• d’élaboration des politiques

• de recherche

• d’éducation publique

Page 9: Privacy in investigations

9 20 Oct 2014

Vie privée et travail d’enquêtes Privacy and investigative work

Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L.

Page 10: Privacy in investigations

Redefining personal information

00 mois 2013 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. N° de référence du document 10

• Move from a definition of « what information is sought ?» to « what

does the information reveal ?» (R. v. Spencer 2014)

• Protect according to impact of disclosure.

Page 11: Privacy in investigations

Consistent use

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 11

• Consistency with purpose for collection (section 8 Privacy Act)

• Consistency with organisation’s functions, programs and activities

(section 4 Privacy Act)

Page 12: Privacy in investigations

Interdiction de divulguer

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 12

• Il ne peut y avoir divulgation sans consentement (article 8.1)

• Sauf selon les exceptions suivantes (article 8.2), en général,

• pour un usage compatible à l’objectif de collecte

• tel qu’autorisé par la loi ou un tribunal

• dans l’intérêt public

• dans l’intérêt de l’individu concerné

Page 13: Privacy in investigations

Security of information

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 13

• An eco-system of 4 control measures:

• Physical

• Technological

• Administrative

• Personnel security

Page 14: Privacy in investigations

Accuracy

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 14

• Particularly in the context of investigative work and its impact,

• Intitial accuracy must be ensured,

• Updating must be checked and accuracy maintained,

• Accuracy should be re-assessed before disclosure or sharing.

Page 15: Privacy in investigations

Requests to the private sector

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 15

• Private sector cannot disclose without consent

• Disclosure may occur only where

• request is authorized by a tribunal

• request is based on lawful authority in the name of national security or public

safety

• report is mandatory under law

• initiated by the organisation with reasonable grounds to believe there

was contravention of the law

• Between the lines, R v. Spencer shows the importance of documenting

Page 16: Privacy in investigations

Questions émergentes

16 20 Oct 2014

Emerging issues

Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L.

Page 17: Privacy in investigations

Les réseaux sociaux

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 17

• L’information est-elle toujours privée lorsqu’affichée sur les réseaux

sociaux? Oui

• Le gouvernement peut-il y avoir accès? Non, à moins que ce soit

nécessaire a ses programmes et activités.

Page 18: Privacy in investigations

Vulnerability of information technology

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 18

• A perfect storm:

• small size – easy to lose

• big volume – consequential loss

• complex - difficult to master

• popular - engendering huge, poor quality, vulnerable records

Page 19: Privacy in investigations

Globalisation of investigations

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 19

• Information sharing with States of « dubious human rights records »

• The only protection is in management of information collected in

investigation ensuring;

• accuracy

• relevance

• segregation of information by relevance

Page 20: Privacy in investigations

Most wanted lists

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 20

• Demonstrate need

• Ensure proportionality

• Assess effectiveness

• Consider less intrusive alternatives

Page 21: Privacy in investigations

Cyber-criminalité

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 21

• Le dilemme : créer des pouvoirs d’enquête aptes à découvrir les

coupables sans compromettre la vie privée des innocents.

• Quelques pistes:

• les renseignements personnels dans le cyber-espace sont sensibles et

protégés (R v. Spencer)

• en cas d’urgence et de nécessité, le droit à la vie privée peut être enfreint sans

autorisation préalable (R v. Godoy, 1999)

Page 22: Privacy in investigations

Principes phares

Beacons

22 20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L.

Page 23: Privacy in investigations

Legitimacy, security, internal monitoring and

oversight

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. N° de référence du document 23

• Assess legitimacy of collection, use or disclosure through upfront

investigation plan.

• Document changes to investigation plan.

• Limit collection use or disclosure to what is needed in the investigations

plan and document rationale.

• Assess and document effectiveness.

• Scan all options to ensure least intrusive method.

• Once legitimacy is demonstrated, ensure security of information.

• Maintain internal compliance measures through areas of control.

• Function with proper oversight.

Page 24: Privacy in investigations

Conclusion

20 Oct 2014 Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L. 24

• La protection de la vie privée

mène à une discipline d’enquête

efficace.

• Protecting privacy leads to

efficient investigation

discipline.

Page 25: Privacy in investigations

The preceding presentation deals with privacy issues. Each situation is unique. If you are faced with privacy issues, please

retain professional assistance.

20 Oct 2014

Dentons Canada S.E.N.C.R.L.

N° de référence du document