Passive Fire ProtectionDesign and Application

CONCEPTS OF FIRE SAFETY

1 EVACUATION

2 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT

3 ACTIVE INTERVENTION

4 ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTING AND RESCUE

• 134 – designation of purpose group• 136 – limits of compartment sizes• 137 & 138 - compartment floors• 140 – separation of fire risk areas• 215 – vertical compartment wall• 5th Schedule

UBBL

Compartmentation

• 5th ScheduleUsage / purpose group limits of dimensions

Hotel / III Height > 28mFloor area : 2000m2Volume : 5500m3

Office / IV Height > 28mFloor area : no limitVolume : no limit

Shops / V Floor area : 2000m2Volume : 7000m3

Basement Car Park / VIII Floor area : no limitVolume : 21,000m3

4,000m211,000m3

4,000m214,000m3

42,000m3

* UBBL Clause 136 : with Automatic Sprinklers : limits shall be x 2

1800m2 / flr

40000m2 / flr

40,000m2 / flr ( 160,000m2 total )

UBBL 137Compartment Floors

UBBL 137Compartment Floors

UBBL 138(d)Compartment floor

UBBL 215Vertical separation

Shop compartment limit 4,000m2 14,000m3

Compartment A

Compartment B No limits if

At least 60% area are shopsLess than 280m2 each

Compartment C

Basement compartment volume limit 42,000m2

Compartment A

Compartment B

Compartment C

Separation of vertical ‘shaft’

Compartment D

• 165 – measurements of travel distance• 166 – minimum 2 separate exits• 167 – storey exits• 171 – horizontal exit• 174 – storey exit to lead to final exit• 7th Schedule

UBBL

Exits Considerations

• 7th Schedule

Maximum Travel Distance Occupant load capacity of exitsDead End / w Sprinklers ( e.g Stair )

Hotel 10m / 45m 2 pax / room 45

Office 15m / 60m 10m2 per person 60(gross)

Shops 15m / 45m street level 3m2 / pax 60upper level 6m2 / pax 60

Basement 15m / 30m* not specified

* Basement garages limited to 30m even with sprinklers

Final exit

Exit route

horizontal exit

storey exit

Travel distance

Travel distanceTravel distance

Final exit

• Occupant load :

• Capacity of Exits : • Exit width required : • Total exit width required :

• ‘redundancy’ calculation :

UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181

Exit capacity calculation : Hotel

2 pax X 40 rooms = 80 pax / floor (By law 175)

45 per unit (By law 176 ,7th schedule), 80/45 =1.77, say 1.8 (By law 176, 7th schedule)

1.8 X 550mm = 990mm (By law 176, 7th schedule)

round up to 2 full units (By law 177,181) therefore, 2 X 550mm = 1100mmSay 1 staircase inaccessible, 2-1 = 1, therefore min exit width = 1100mm

• Occupant load :

• Capacity of Exits : • Exit width required : • Total exit width required : • ‘redundancy’ calculation :

UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181

Exit capacity calculation : Office

Gross floor area = 1800m2, 10 m2/pax, therefore 1800/10 = 180 pax/floor

60 per unit (By law 176, 7th schedule), 180/60 = 3 (By law 176, 7th schedule)

3 X 550mm = 1650mm (By law 176,7th Sch

Say 1 staircase inaccessible, 2-1 = 1, therefore the min exit width = 1650mm

• Occupant load :

• Capacity of Exits : • Exit width required : • Total exit width required : • ‘redundancy’ calculation :

UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181

Exit capacity calculation : Shopping Podium

Gross floor area = 40 000 – 4000 (Atrium) = 36 000m2, 6m2 / pax, therefore = 36 000 / 6 = 6000 pax / floor 60 per unit (By law 176, 7th schedule), 6000 / 60 = 100 (By law 176, 7th schedule)

100 X 550mm = 55 000mm (By law 176,7th schedule)

Say 1 staircase inaccessible, 14-1 = 13, therefore the min exit width = 55 000mm/13 = 4200mm

• Occupant load :

• Capacity of Exits : • Exit width required : • Total exit width required : • ‘redundancy’ calculation :

UBBL 168, 175, 176, 177, 181

Exit capacity calculation : Basement carpark

Gross floor area = 40 000, assume 2 pax/car and 40m2/car, therefore 40 000/40 = 1000 car or 2000 pax/floor

Compare 2000 to 6000 (shopping),

factor reduction = 1/3 55 000 / 3 = 18300 mm (By law 176, 7th schedule)

Say 1 staircase inaccessible, 14-1 = 13, therefore the min exit width = 18 300mm / 13 = 1400mm

Final exit

Exit route

horizontal exit

storey exit

Final exit250 pax

400 pax

200 pax 150 pax

300 pax

250 pax

400 pax

400 pax

400 pax

400 pax

200 pax

Exit route to discharge direct to final exit

Basement

Exit route to discharge direct to final exit

Travel distance• UBBL 165• 7th Schedule• Dead end • initial travel distance before a point where an alternative path

becomes available

• Direct distance• Stipulates that travel distance must be measured along the actual

path of travel

• Open plan• Where an actual path of travel cannot be determined, the direct

distance can be measured as a straight line direct to the exit. Permitted travel distance is then reduced to 2/3.

• 196, 197 - smoke lobbies, protected lobbies

• 198, 199, 200, 201 – ventilation of stairs• 229 – fire fighting lobbies

UBBL

Protection of stairs and lobbies

Protection of stairs and lobbies

• Protected Lobby : protected lobby separated or isolated from fire and smoke infiltration

• Smoke Lobby : a protected lobby primarily to isolate staircases from smoke infiltration

• ventilated lobby : protected/smoke lobby by means of natural ventilation from outside

• Fire Fighting Access Lobby : a protected lobby designed for fire fighting access

PROTECTED / PRESSURISED

> 45o

Room < 6 pax

UBBL 229

60m

UBBL Clause 140Volume of building > 112,000m3 hence, island site

Hydrants to be located at max. 90m intervals

Thank you

Thank you

Thank you